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Rotation Rotation can take place by the summation of the small rotational movements within adjacent vertebrae of the vertebral column, for example, twisting movement of the neck or body. At a pivot joint which is a uniaxial joint, one bone rotates relative to another adjacent bone. At the atlantoaxial joint, the first cervical vertebra (C1, atlas) rotates around the dens of the second cervical vertebra (C2, axis). Rotation of head from side to side can occur. The another example, the proximal radioulnar joint is also a pivot joint between the upper end of the radius and the ring formed by the radial notch of the ulna and its annular ligament. The rotation of the radius can occur in its length during pronation and supination movements of the forearm. At the ball-and-socket joints of the shoulder and hip, rotation can also occur through the rotation of the humerus and femur around their long axis. Medial (internal) rotation refers to the movement that brings the anterior surface of the limb toward the midline of the body, lateral (external) rotation is converse, the anterior surface of the limb moves away from the midline. Pronation and supination Pronation and supination are the movements of the forearm and hand that rotate the distal end of the radius medially and laterally around and across the anterior aspect of the ulna while the proximal end of the radius rotates in itself place. Pronation refers to the medial rotation of the radius so that the palm of the hand faces posteriorly and its dorsum faces anteriorly. This motion results in the distal end of the radius to cross over the distal ulna at the distal radioulnar joint. This crossing over makes the radius and ulna into an X-shape position. Supination is the opposite rotational movement compared to pronation, rotating the radius laterally and uncrossing it from the ulna, returning the pronated forearm to the anatomical position. When the elbow joint is flexed, pronation moves the hand so that the palm faces inferiorly, supination is converse, moves the hand so that the palm faces superiorly. 參考翻譯： 旋轉(zhuǎn)是通過相鄰脊柱內(nèi)的小旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)的總和來進(jìn)行，例如，頸部或身體的扭轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)。 在作為單軸關(guān)節(jié)的樞軸關(guān)節(jié)，一個(gè)骨骼相對(duì)于另一個(gè)相鄰骨骼旋轉(zhuǎn)。在寰樞關(guān)節(jié)，第一頸椎（C1，寰椎）圍繞第二頸椎（C2，寰椎）的齒突旋轉(zhuǎn)。頭部會(huì)左右旋轉(zhuǎn)。另一個(gè)例子，近側(cè)橈尺關(guān)節(jié)，即由橈骨上端和尺骨橈側(cè)切跡及其環(huán)狀韌帶形成的樞軸關(guān)節(jié)。在前臂的旋前和旋后運(yùn)動(dòng)中，橈骨的旋轉(zhuǎn)可以發(fā)生在其全長上。 在肩關(guān)節(jié)和髖關(guān)節(jié)的球窩關(guān)節(jié)，旋轉(zhuǎn)也可以通過肱骨和股骨繞其長軸旋轉(zhuǎn)來實(shí)現(xiàn)。內(nèi)（向內(nèi)）旋轉(zhuǎn)是指使肢體前表面朝向身體中線的運(yùn)動(dòng)，外（向外）旋轉(zhuǎn)是相反的，肢體前表面遠(yuǎn)離中線。 旋前和旋后 旋前和旋后是前臂和手的運(yùn)動(dòng)，在橈骨近端在其位置旋轉(zhuǎn)的同時(shí)，橈骨遠(yuǎn)端向內(nèi)側(cè)和外側(cè)繞尺骨的前部旋轉(zhuǎn)。 旋前是指橈骨的內(nèi)側(cè)旋轉(zhuǎn)，使手掌向后，背向前。這種運(yùn)動(dòng)導(dǎo)致橈骨遠(yuǎn)端在橈尺遠(yuǎn)端關(guān)節(jié)處越過尺骨遠(yuǎn)端。這個(gè)交叉使橈骨和尺骨成為X形。 旋后是與旋前相反的旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)，橈骨向外側(cè)旋轉(zhuǎn)，解除與尺骨的交叉，使旋前的前臂回到解剖位置。 當(dāng)肘關(guān)節(jié)彎曲時(shí)，旋前使手掌朝下移動(dòng)，旋后相反，使手掌朝上移動(dòng)。 -*-*-*-*-*-*-*- 重要詞匯： rotation 旋轉(zhuǎn) vertebrae 脊椎 vertebral column 脊柱 uniaxial joint 單軸關(guān)節(jié) atlantoaxial joint 寰樞關(guān)節(jié) atlas 寰椎 axis 樞椎 radioulnar joint 橈尺關(guān)節(jié) radius 橈骨 notch 切跡 ulna 尺骨 pronation 旋前 humerus 肱骨 femur 股骨 supination 旋后 -*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*- 推薦有價(jià)值的參考書： |
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