以下為散貨船船長(zhǎng)面試中高頻出現(xiàn)的100個(gè)核心問(wèn)題及參考應(yīng)答，內(nèi)容覆蓋船舶操作、安全應(yīng)急、法規(guī)合規(guī)、人員管理等關(guān)鍵領(lǐng)域。作為散貨船船長(zhǎng)，需兼具扎實(shí)的技術(shù)功底與全面的綜合管理能力——既要精準(zhǔn)把控貨物裝卸中的穩(wěn)性調(diào)節(jié)、配載規(guī)劃等實(shí)操環(huán)節(jié)，也要熟練應(yīng)對(duì)擱淺、火災(zāi)等突發(fā)狀況，更要嚴(yán)格遵循SOLAS、MARPOL等國(guó)際公約要求。

本份資料通過(guò)中英文對(duì)照形式，系統(tǒng)梳理了從日常運(yùn)營(yíng)到應(yīng)急處置的各類(lèi)場(chǎng)景，既包含壓載水管理、貨艙檢查等基礎(chǔ)操作要點(diǎn)，也涉及海盜防范、租家協(xié)調(diào)等復(fù)雜情景應(yīng)對(duì)，旨在幫助面試為面試做好充分準(zhǔn)備。其中的部分問(wèn)題，不但船長(zhǎng)必備，其他干部船員，尤其是大副也必須看，輪機(jī)長(zhǎng)也應(yīng)該參考一下。

一、船舶操作與管理

1. 問(wèn)：散貨船裝卸貨時(shí)如何保證穩(wěn)性？

Q: How to ensure stability during loading and unloading of bulk carriers?

答：計(jì)算穩(wěn)性手冊(cè)要求，確保GM值在安全范圍內(nèi)；均勻裝載，避免自由液面影響；使用壓載水調(diào)節(jié)。

A: Calculate according to the stability manual to ensure the GM value is within the safe range; load evenly to avoid the impact of free surface; adjust with ballast water.

2. 問(wèn)：如何制定散貨船的配載計(jì)劃？

Q: How to formulate a stowage plan for bulk carriers?

答：根據(jù)貨物密度、艙容和港口順序分配貨艙，確保強(qiáng)度、穩(wěn)性和吃水差符合要求，使用配載軟件驗(yàn)證。

A: Allocate cargo holds according to cargo density, hold capacity and port sequence ensure that strength stability and trim meet requirements and verify with stowage software.

3. 問(wèn)：散貨船常見(jiàn)的貨物液化風(fēng)險(xiǎn)如何防范？

Q: How to prevent the common risk of cargo liquefaction in bulk carriers?

答：裝貨前檢測(cè)貨物含水量（如TML和FMP），避免高濕度貨物；航行中減少貨艙通風(fēng)，監(jiān)測(cè)貨物狀態(tài)。

A: Test the moisture content of cargo (such as TML and FMP) before loading avoid high-humidity cargo; reduce cargo hold ventilation during navigation and monitor cargo status.

4. 問(wèn)：如何應(yīng)對(duì)散貨船貨艙起火？

Q: How to deal with a cargo hold fire on a bulk carrier?

答：封閉貨艙，啟動(dòng)CO?滅火系統(tǒng)；避免開(kāi)艙引入氧氣；報(bào)告公司并尋求岸基支持。

A: Close the cargo hold activate the CO? fire extinguishing system; avoid opening the hold to introduce oxygen; report to the company and seek shore-based support.

5. 問(wèn)：散貨船壓載水操作注意事項(xiàng)？

Q: What are the precautions for ballast water operations on bulk carriers?

答：遵循《壓載水管理公約》，記錄操作；避免海域交叉污染；排放前處理或使用岸上接收設(shè)施。

A: Comply with the Ballast Water Management Convention and record operations; avoid cross-pollution of sea areas; treat before discharge or use onshore receiving facilities.

 

二、航行安全與應(yīng)急

6. 問(wèn)：遇到惡劣天氣如何調(diào)整航線？

Q: How to adjust the route when encountering bad weather?

答：獲取最新氣象預(yù)報(bào)，提前繞行風(fēng)暴區(qū)；降低航速，確保穩(wěn)性；通知公司和附近船舶。

A: Obtain the latest weather forecast and detour around the storm area in advance; reduce speed to ensure stability; inform the company and nearby ships.

7. 問(wèn)：船舶擱淺后的應(yīng)急步驟？

Q: What are the emergency steps after a ship runs aground?

答：停車(chē)評(píng)估損傷；測(cè)量周?chē)?；?bào)告公司和當(dāng)局；避免盲目脫淺，等待專(zhuān)業(yè)援助。

A: Stop the ship to assess damage; measure the surrounding water depth; report to the company and authorities; avoid blindly refloating and wait for professional assistance.

8. 問(wèn)：如何組織棄船演練？

Q: How to organize an abandon ship drill?

答：每月一次，全員參與；檢查救生艇、無(wú)線電設(shè)備；模擬緊急信號(hào)和登艇程序。

A: Conduct once a month with full participation; check lifeboats and radio equipment; simulate emergency signals and boarding procedures.

9. 問(wèn)：機(jī)艙失電時(shí)船長(zhǎng)職責(zé)？

Q: What are the captain's responsibilities when the engine room loses power?

答：?jiǎn)?dòng)應(yīng)急發(fā)電機(jī)；通知輪機(jī)長(zhǎng)排查原因；發(fā)布航行警告；必要時(shí)拋錨避險(xiǎn)。

A: Start the emergency generator; inform the chief engineer to investigate the cause; issue navigation warnings; drop anchor for safety if necessary.

10. 問(wèn)：碰撞后的首要行動(dòng)？

Q: What are the first actions after a collision?

答：檢查人員傷亡和破損；封閉進(jìn)水區(qū)域；報(bào)告公司和海事部門(mén)；交換碰撞細(xì)節(jié)對(duì)方船舶。

A: Check for casualties and damage; close flooded areas; report to the company and maritime authorities; exchange collision details with the other ship.

 

三、法規(guī)與公約

11. 問(wèn)：SOLAS對(duì)散貨船的特殊要求？

Q: What are the special requirements of SOLAS for bulk carriers?

答：需滿足結(jié)構(gòu)強(qiáng)度（如BC Code）、貨艙進(jìn)水報(bào)警、谷物規(guī)則（如適用）等。

A: Need to meet structural strength (such as BC Code), cargo hold flooding alarm, grain rules (if applicable), etc.

12. 問(wèn)：如何確保符合MLC 2006？

Q: How to ensure compliance with MLC 2006?

答：檢查船員合同、工資支付、工作時(shí)間記錄；提供充足飲食和醫(yī)療設(shè)施。

A: Check crew contracts, salary payments, working hours records; provide adequate food, accommodation and medical facilities.

13. 問(wèn)：MARPOL附則VI對(duì)排放的限制？

Q: What are the emission limits of MARPOL Annex VI?

答：硫氧化物（SOx）排放控制區(qū)燃油硫含量≤0.1%；非ECA區(qū)域≤0.5%。

A: Sulfur content in fuel oil in SOx emission control areas ≤ 0.1%; ≤ 0.5% in non-ECA areas.

14. 問(wèn)：ISPS規(guī)則下船長(zhǎng)的保安職責(zé)？

Q: What are the captain's security responsibilities under the ISPS Code?

答：實(shí)施船舶保安計(jì)劃；監(jiān)督SSO工作；報(bào)告保安事件；控制登船人員。

A: Implement the ship security plan; supervise the work of SSO; report security incidents; control boarding personnel.

15. 問(wèn)：PSC檢查常見(jiàn)缺陷如何預(yù)防？

Q: How to prevent common deficiencies in PSC inspections?

答：定期自查救生消防設(shè)備；確保證書(shū)有效；培訓(xùn)船員熟悉應(yīng)急程序。

A: Regularly self-inspect life-saving and fire-fighting equipment; ensure certificates are valid; train crew to be familiar with emergency procedures.

 

四、人員管理

16. 問(wèn)：如何管理multicultural船員團(tuán)隊(duì)？

Q: How to manage a multicultural crew team?

答：尊重文化差異，明確指令；定期會(huì)議溝通；公平處理糾紛。

A: Respect cultural differences and issue clear instructions; conduct regular meetings for communication; handle disputes fairly.

17. 問(wèn)：船員工作超時(shí)如何處理？

Q: How to handle crew working overtime?

答：調(diào)整班次確保休息；記錄工作時(shí)間；報(bào)告公司補(bǔ)充人手。

A: Adjust shifts to ensure rest; record working hours; report to the company to supplement staff.

18. 問(wèn)：新船員登船后的培訓(xùn)內(nèi)容？

Q: What is the training content for new crew members after boarding?

答：船舶安全須知、應(yīng)急職責(zé)、設(shè)備操作、環(huán)保規(guī)定及ISM體系文件。

A: Ship safety instructions, emergency responsibilities, equipment operation, environmental protection regulations and ISM system documents.

19. 問(wèn)：如何應(yīng)對(duì)船員酗酒？

Q: How to deal with crew members drinking alcohol?

答：禁止值班前飲酒；開(kāi)展健康教育；屢犯者記錄并報(bào)告公司。

A: Prohibit drinking before duty; carry out health education; record and report repeated offenders to the company.

20. 問(wèn)：評(píng)估船員表現(xiàn)的方法？

Q: What are the methods to evaluate crew performance?

答：定期實(shí)操考核；檢查工作日志；征求部門(mén)長(zhǎng)反饋。

A: Conduct regular practical assessments; check work logs; seek feedback from department heads.

五、技術(shù)知識(shí)

21. 問(wèn)：散貨船貨艙檢查重點(diǎn)？

Q: What are the key points for inspecting bulk carrier cargo holds?

答：艙壁銹蝕、肋骨變形、污水井堵塞、艙蓋密封性。

A: Bulkhead corrosion, frame deformation, bilge well blockage, hatch cover tightness.

22. 問(wèn)：如何判斷船舶縱傾是否合理？

Q: How to judge whether the ship's trim is reasonable?

答：通過(guò)吃水差計(jì)算，通常尾傾0.5-1米利于航速，避免影響舵效。

A: Calculated by trim usually a stern trim of 0.5-1 meter is beneficial to speed and avoids affecting rudder efficiency.

23. 問(wèn)：測(cè)深儀誤差大的可能原因？

Q: What are the possible reasons for large errors in the depth sounder?

答：傳感器污染、聲速設(shè)置錯(cuò)誤、海底地形干擾或設(shè)備故障。

A: Sensor contamination, incorrect sound speed setting, seabed terrain interference or equipment failure.

24. 問(wèn)：ECDIS使用中的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)？

Q: What are the risks in the use of ECDIS?

答：過(guò)度依賴(lài)電子海圖；未及時(shí)更新數(shù)據(jù)；忽略傳統(tǒng)導(dǎo)航手段。

A: Over-reliance on electronic charts; failure to update data in time; neglect of traditional navigation methods.

25. 問(wèn)：主機(jī)故障漂航時(shí)如何定位？

Q: How to position when adrift due to main engine failure?

答：使用GPS、天文定位或雷達(dá)測(cè)距；發(fā)布DR位置報(bào)告。

A: Use GPS, astronomical positioning or radar ranging; issue DR position reports.

 

六、情景模擬

26. 問(wèn)：裝卸貨時(shí)與工頭發(fā)生爭(zhēng)執(zhí)怎么辦？

Q: What to do if there is a dispute with the foreman during loading and unloading?

答：保持專(zhuān)業(yè)，依據(jù)裝卸計(jì)劃協(xié)商；必要時(shí)暫停作業(yè)并報(bào)告租家。

A: Maintain professionalism and negotiate based on the loading and unloading plan; suspend operations if necessary and report to the charterer.

27. 問(wèn)：收到海盜襲擊警報(bào)如何應(yīng)對(duì)？

Q: How to respond to a pirate attack alarm?

答：?jiǎn)?dòng)SSP，撤入安全艙；加速撤離；發(fā)送SSAS警報(bào)；使用水炮威懾。

A: Activate SSP and withdraw into the safe cabin; accelerate evacuation; send SSAS alarm; use water cannon for deterrence.

28. 問(wèn)：船員突發(fā)闌尾炎如何處理？

Q: How to handle a crew member with sudden appendicitis?

答：?jiǎn)?dòng)Telemedical援助；調(diào)整航向最近港口；準(zhǔn)備醫(yī)療隔離室。

A: Activate Telemedical assistance; adjust course to the nearest port; prepare a medical isolation room.

29. 問(wèn)：港口國(guó)要求未載貨艙熏蒸證明怎么辦？

Q: What to do if the port state requires a fumigation certificate for unloaded cargo holds?

答：出示空艙檢驗(yàn)報(bào)告或上航次文件；聯(lián)系代理協(xié)助澄清。

A: Present empty hold inspection reports or previous voyage documents; contact the agent for assistance in clarification.

30. 問(wèn)：租家要求超載如何回應(yīng)？

Q: How to respond to the charterer's request for overloading?

答：拒絕并引用LOAD LINE公約；書(shū)面記錄溝通，報(bào)告公司。

A: Refuse and cite the LOAD LINE Convention; record the communication in writing and report to the company.