在馬來西亞公司的資產(chǎn)類型包括：

1.信譽(yù)

一家持續(xù)經(jīng)營企業(yè)一般而言，在成立以后會(huì)因?yàn)槠錁I(yè)務(wù)而贏得一些社會(huì)的關(guān)注。以持續(xù)經(jīng)營為購買手段時(shí)，這種聲譽(yù)和社會(huì)關(guān)注度將會(huì)有所保留，買方將享受到此成果。這遠(yuǎn)比為了重新建立聲譽(yù)而花費(fèi)時(shí)間和金錢推動(dòng)廣告來得有效，且這將耗費(fèi)更多的時(shí)間和金錢。在TOGC中，公司聲譽(yù)的價(jià)值應(yīng)包含在其出售價(jià)中。單純的資產(chǎn)

1. Reputation

The going concern might have earned the society’s awareness alongside its business operation since establishment. This reputation and society’s awareness are transferred to the buyer when buying the going concern. In order to build up reputation, one needs time and excellent advertising, which can cost a lot. In a TOGC, the value of company’s reputation should be included in the selling price. Transfer of assets will not benefit the buyer in this way, so price should be lower considering the reduced value.

轉(zhuǎn)移則不會(huì)使到買家如此受益，因此在考慮已降低的價(jià)值以后價(jià)格應(yīng)更低。

2.交易記錄

購買現(xiàn)有業(yè)務(wù)，就可獲取該公司的商業(yè)秘密，其業(yè)務(wù)脈絡(luò)和交易歷史。該信息不僅廣泛適用于所購買的業(yè)務(wù)，而且還適用于買方可能擁有的其他公司。

2. Trading Record

Buying an existing business, one can access to the company’s trade secret, its business networking and trade history. The information is widely applicable not only on the purchased business, but also other companies which the buyer might have owned.

3.客戶忠誠度

歷史悠久的品牌可能已經(jīng)有一群忠實(shí)的客戶。這與公司的聲譽(yù)不同，忠實(shí)的客戶是不斷回頭消費(fèi)的人，他們與僅聽說過該公司名稱的人是不同的，這群人即使在持續(xù)經(jīng)營交易后也幾乎是未來收入的保障。

3. Customer Loyalty

Long-established brand might have had groups of loyal customers already. This is different from the company’s reputation, loyal customers are those who keep coming back and consume, they are different with those who have heard of the company’s name only, this group of people are almost the guaranteed future income for the going concern even after transaction.

4.技術(shù)員工

一支有能力的員工團(tuán)隊(duì)對(duì)公司很重要。訓(xùn)練有素的員工是公司的資產(chǎn)，因?yàn)樗麄優(yōu)楣举嶅X并習(xí)慣了公司的日常運(yùn)營模式。即使老板不在，他們可以自己工作和解決問題?，F(xiàn)實(shí)地說，如果一家公司被迫出售，那么團(tuán)隊(duì)內(nèi)部肯定會(huì)有一些問題，但是對(duì)一個(gè)成熟的團(tuán)隊(duì)進(jìn)行糾正要比培訓(xùn)所有新手容易得多，且效率更高。

4. Skilled Workers

A competent team of employees is important to a company. Well-trained workers are assets of company because they make profit to the company and are used to the daily operation mode of the company. They can work and solve problems by their own even boss is away. To be realistic, if a company is compelled to be sold, there must be some problems inside the team, however to make correction on a mature group is much easier and more efficient than training all the newbies.

5. Complete and Established Business Operating System

5.完善和完備的業(yè)務(wù)操作系統(tǒng)

This is the most valuable part of a going concern as it allows the buyer to continue operate the business without hesitation and that there is a successful track record for the buyer to make reference to. What is worth noting is that the TOGC puts the purchaser in a position of owning business (ALAM VENTURE SDN BHD & ANOR v ABDUL AZIZ BIN ABDUL MAJID & ORS [2015] 4 MLJ 270), not simply possessing an asset.  For cases of sale of assets only, the buyer needs to figure out how to make use of these piecemeal assets and if they want to use them to run a different business, they will have to transform it to a new status. Many assets were set up for specific functions only, for example the railway track, some machines and plants, it is rather troublesome to do the transformation while in a TOGC, these assets can be put in service immediately.

這是持續(xù)經(jīng)營中最有價(jià)值的部分，因?yàn)樗官I方可以毫不猶豫地繼續(xù)經(jīng)營業(yè)務(wù)，并且有成功的過往業(yè)績(jī)可供買方參考。值得注意的是，TOGC將買方置于擁有業(yè)務(wù)的地位 (ALAM VENTURE SDN BHD & ANOR v ABDUL AZIZ BIN ABDUL MAJID & ORS [2015] 4 MLJ 270)， 而不僅僅是擁有資產(chǎn)。而相對(duì)的在僅僅是出售資產(chǎn)的情況，購買者需要弄清如何利用這些零碎的資產(chǎn)且如果他們想使用它們來經(jīng)營其他業(yè)務(wù)，他們將不得不將它們轉(zhuǎn)換成新狀態(tài)。許多資產(chǎn)被設(shè)定為僅有特定功能，例如鐵軌，一些機(jī)器，進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換較為麻煩，而在TOGC中，這些資產(chǎn)可立即投入使用。

Another benefit of buying going concern in Malaysia is the waiver of GST. Since the TOGC is neither a supply of goods nor a supply of services, hence nobody needs to bear the GST cost in a TOGC. Even though this does not directly increase the value of going concern, it still provides discount to the purchaser of going concern. Thus, it is worthwhile to both sides as no additional money goes to a third party in the form of GST.

在馬來西亞購買持續(xù)經(jīng)營的另一個(gè)好處是免征GST。由于TOGC既不是商品供應(yīng)也不是服務(wù)供應(yīng)，因此沒有人需要承擔(dān)TOGC的GST費(fèi)用。即使這并沒有直接增加持續(xù)經(jīng)營的價(jià)值，但仍為持續(xù)經(jīng)營的購買者提供了折扣。正因如此，沒有額外的錢以GST的形式流向第三方，這對(duì)雙方絕對(duì)是百利無害的。

When buying a going concern, everything comes together, meaning that not only the good name, the soft power among the business ecosystem and the complete operational system, the company’s debt liability, the contracts that formed prior to the transaction and even ongoing unprofitable business activities are included. Once taking over, the buyer is liable to every of the company’s issues as a legal owner(LAM SHES TONG & ORS v LAM KEE YING SDN BHD [1973] 1 MLJ 203). If the liability is not transferred, that means the entire business is not transferred because the liabilities cannot be separated from a going concern (DJ Auto Components Manufacturing Sdn Bhd v Fbk Systems Sdn Bhd [2016] MLJU 1260).

購買持續(xù)經(jīng)營時(shí)，所有利益與責(zé)任都將一同轉(zhuǎn)移，這意味著不僅是好名聲，商生態(tài)系統(tǒng)和完善運(yùn)營系統(tǒng)之中的軟實(shí)力，公司的債務(wù)責(zé)任，交易之前形成的合同，甚至是持續(xù)進(jìn)行的無利潤的商業(yè)活動(dòng)皆被包含在內(nèi)。一旦接手，買方將作為合法所有人對(duì)公司的所有問題承擔(dān)責(zé)任（LAM SHES TONG & ORS v LAM KEE YING SDN BHD [1973] 1 MLJ 203）?；谪?zé)任與持續(xù)經(jīng)營無法分割，倘若責(zé)任尚未被轉(zhuǎn)移，這意味著公司業(yè)務(wù)的所有權(quán)并沒有轉(zhuǎn)移。（DJ Auto Components Manufacturing Sdn Bhd v Fbk Systems Sdn Bhd [2016] MLJU 1260）。

As analyzed above, going concern value is typically higher than the sum of value of all assets. The difference of these two is known as goodwill. The goodwill makes it more worthwhile to be sold as a going concern than as assets, especially when the company’s market value is high. To evaluate a going concern value, we need to take into account all the elements listed above. The reason why selling the company as a going concern is more worthwhile than selling the assets as scrap is that going concern value are equal to the sum of the assets plus the goodwill.

綜上所述，持續(xù)經(jīng)營的價(jià)值通常高于所有資產(chǎn)價(jià)值的總和。兩者之間的差異被稱為商譽(yù)。商譽(yù)使出售持續(xù)經(jīng)營比資產(chǎn)更有價(jià)值，特別是在公司的市場(chǎng)價(jià)值很高的時(shí)候。要評(píng)估持續(xù)經(jīng)營的價(jià)值，我們需要考慮以上所列的所有要素。出售作為持續(xù)經(jīng)營的公司比出售作為廢品的資產(chǎn)更有價(jià)值的原因是，持續(xù)經(jīng)營的價(jià)值相等于資產(chǎn)與商譽(yù)之總和。