最后,讓我們來聊聊馬兜鈴酸從哪里來吧。
正如前文所說,馬兜鈴科植物分布相當?shù)膹V泛,導致巴爾干地方性腎病的歐洲馬兜鈴就是非常常見的一種雜草,會在后院里生長的那種。由它們產(chǎn)生的馬兜鈴酸,是否會污染土壤、地下水以及農(nóng)作物呢?
而即使已經(jīng)對馬兜鈴相關產(chǎn)品進行了管制,但實際的馬兜鈴酸醫(yī)源性暴露情況仍然不得而知。私人渠道仍舊可以輕松買到馬兜鈴制成的中藥材,就算知道馬兜鈴“有毒”,沒有專業(yè)植物知識的人也很難把各種名字的中藥和馬兜鈴科植物一一對應。
比如說前文我們提過木通,但是實際上中藥木通是木通科植物的干燥藤莖,屬于馬兜鈴科的關木通也會被當做木通誤用,另外一種也名為木通的川木通則是毛莨科植物。這種復雜的命名問題在中藥學里數(shù)不勝數(shù),別說普通人搞不懂,想要一一厘清進行系統(tǒng)監(jiān)管也有難度。
馬兜鈴酸的影響可能要在接觸后幾十年才能顯現(xiàn)出來,確定馬兜鈴酸暴露的高風險人群會有助于我們及早開始疾病的篩查和預防,而馬兜鈴酸對人類健康的整體影響還有更多等待我們?nèi)ヅ忻鞯牟糠帧?/p>
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參考資料:
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[2] IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Pharmaceuticals. Volume 100A. A review of human carcinogens. IARC Monogr. Eval. Carcinog. Risks Hum. 100, 1–401 (2012). In this volume of the IARC Monographs, the Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans conducts a re-evaluation of AA and determines that the evidence available warrants its classification as a group 1 carcinogen.
[3] https://www./articles/s41568-022-00494-x#Bib1
[4] Jackson, L., Kofman, S., Weiss, A. & Brodovsky, H. Aristolochic acid (Nsc-50413): phase I clinical study. Cancer Chemother. Rep. 42, 35–37 (1964).
[5] Nortier, J. L. et al. Urothelial carcinoma associated with the use of a Chinese herb (Aristolochia fangchi). N. Engl. J. Med. 342, 1686–1692 (2000). This study reports that patients with AAN face a high risk of developing urothelial carcinoma.
[6] Hsieh, S.-C., Lin, I.-H., Tseng, W.-L., Lee, C.-H. & Wang, J.-D. Prescription profile of potentially aristolochic acid containing Chinese herbal products: an analysis of National Health Insurance data in Taiwan between 1997 and 2003. Chin. Med. 3, 1–6 (2008).
[7] Chen, C. J. et al. Aristolochic acid and the risk of cancers in patients with type 2 diabetes: nationwide population-based cohort study. Phytomedicine 99, 154023 (2022). This study reports that the use of AA-containing herbs is associated with a significantly higher risk of developing liver, colorectum, kidney, bladder, prostate, pelvis and ureter cancers in patients with diabetes.
[8] Scelo, G. et al. Variation in genomic landscape of clear cell renal cell carcinoma across Europe. Nat. Commun. 5, 1–13 (2014).
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