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刊物介紹 本文作者:許鴻軒 本文審校:葛健豪 本文首發(fā)于2022年4月13日 ![]() 作者:許鴻軒 獲得澳國立國際關(guān)系學本科學位 海國圖智研究院研究助理 引言
來源:AFP via Getty Images 背景
2021年度美國原油及原油產(chǎn)品進口量占比 來源:The Wall Street Journal 因此,白宮不得不通過與世界各國政府的外交活動來穩(wěn)定住不斷上漲的能源價格,而其中主要包括的國家是委內(nèi)瑞拉和中東的石油王國等與美國關(guān)系緊張的國家。美國曾因人權(quán)、民主等問題制裁或疏遠這些國家,而現(xiàn)在似乎又為了填補制裁俄羅斯留下的能源缺口而試圖與這些國家緩解關(guān)系。但本文認為,美國向委內(nèi)瑞拉等國伸出的橄欖枝并非僅僅因為短期石油利益,而是借短期石油緊缺之勢推動與這些國家之間爭端的推進或解決。下文將依次分析近期美國與委內(nèi)瑞拉、伊朗和沙特的交涉來闡明這一觀點。 委內(nèi)瑞拉:石油和民主不是非此即彼
共和黨參議員譴責華盛頓與馬杜羅政府的會談 來源:Twitter 然而事實上,當前委內(nèi)瑞拉填補石油供應(yīng)缺口的能力十分有限,所謂的短期石油利益可能并不存在。盡管在2019年被列入黑名單之前,委內(nèi)瑞拉曾每天向美國輸送約58萬桶石油,但在目前失修的狀態(tài)下,它每天能產(chǎn)出的油量僅僅不到20萬桶。而如果要重建委內(nèi)瑞拉的石油產(chǎn)能——將產(chǎn)量提高到每天200萬桶,據(jù)經(jīng)濟學家兼石油專家弗朗西斯科-莫納爾迪(Francisco Monaldi)稱,大約需要120億美元的投資。但在馬杜羅掌權(quán)的情況下,上百億美元的投資幾乎不可能實現(xiàn)。因此短期內(nèi),委內(nèi)瑞拉的石油供給很難恢復,杯水車薪的石油供應(yīng)遠遠不足以讓美國將其民主擴散的愿景放在天平的另一端。
委內(nèi)瑞拉2008-2021年度石油產(chǎn)量變化 來源:OPEC 伊朗:比石油更緊急的協(xié)議
來源:Associated Press
來源:Carlos Barria 沙特:石油是一針緩和劑
來源:Arabia Policy 結(jié)語 參考文獻 【1】 Andrew Restuccia and Josh Mitchell, “Biden Bans Imports of Russian Oil, Natural Gas”, Wall Street Journal, January 20, 2021, https://www./briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/01/20/paris-climate-agreement/. 【2】 Bozorgmehr Sharafedin, Julia Payne, “Analysis: Iranian oil could take months to flow after a nuclear deal”, Reuters, March 5, 2022, https://www./world/middle-east/iranian-oil-could-take-months-flow-after-nuclear-deal-2022-03-04/. 【3】 Alan Rappeport, Edward Wong, Michael D. 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Cloud, “Saudi, Emirati Leaders Decline Calls With Biden During Ukraine Crisis”, Wall Street Journal, March 8, 2022, https://www./articles/saudi-emirati-leaders-decline-calls-with-biden-during-ukraine-crisis-11646779430. 【25】 Nick Wadhams, Annmarie Hordern, Matthew Martin, Ben Bartenstein, “Oil thirst is forcing Biden to pivot U.S. back to Saudi Arabia”, Bloomberg, March 22, 2022, https://www./news/articles/2022-03-21/oil-thirst-is-forcing-biden-to-pivot-u-s-back-to-saudi-arabia 文章推送方式 微信:關(guān)注“海國圖智研究院”公眾號 網(wǎng)站:收藏我們的網(wǎng)站 www.intellisia.org 郵件:掃描下方二維碼登記郵箱信息,每日接收新鮮、深度的時政洞察 |
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