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現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí): 是英語中,動(dòng)詞的一種基本時(shí)態(tài),其構(gòu)成為:主語+have/has+been+現(xiàn)在分詞+其他成分。 基本結(jié)構(gòu): I/we/theyhavebeen+動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞 He/she/ithasbeen+動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞 在當(dāng)代英語中,現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)有時(shí)也可用否定結(jié)構(gòu)。如: Since that unfortunate accident last week, I haven’t been sleeping at all well. 自從上周發(fā)生了那次不幸事故之后,我一直睡得很不好. He hasn’t been working for me and I haven’t had that much contact with him. 他并沒有給我工作過,我和他沒有過那許多接觸。 否定句構(gòu)成: 主語+has/have+not+been+現(xiàn)在分詞+其他 一般疑問句構(gòu)成: Have/has+主語+been+現(xiàn)在分詞+其他 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)主要用法: ?。ㄒ唬┍硎緩倪^去某時(shí)開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作,并且還將持續(xù)下去。 The Chinese have been making paper for two thousand years. 中國有2000年的造紙歷史。 (動(dòng)作還將繼續(xù)下去) I have been learning English since three years ago. 自從三年前以來我一直在學(xué)英語。 (動(dòng)作還將繼續(xù)下去)I study for English since 10 years ago. ?。ǘ┍硎驹谡f話時(shí)刻之前到現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。 We have been waiting for you for half an hour. 我們已經(jīng)等你半個(gè)鐘頭了 (人還沒到,如同在電話里說的,還會(huì)繼續(xù)等) ?。ㄈ┯行┈F(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的句子等同于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句子。 They have been living in this city for ten years. They have lived in this city for ten years. 他們?cè)谶@個(gè)城市已經(jīng)住了10年了。 I have been working here for five years. I have worked here for five years. 我在這里已經(jīng)工作五年了。 (四)大多數(shù)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的句子不等同于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句子。 I have been writing a book.(動(dòng)作還將繼續(xù)下去) 我一直在寫一本書。 I have written a book.(動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成) 我已經(jīng)寫了一本書。 They have been building a bridge. 他們一直在造一座橋。 They have built a bridge. 他們?cè)炝艘蛔鶚颉?/p> (五)表示狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞不能用于現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。 I have known him for years. 我認(rèn)識(shí)他已經(jīng)好幾年了。 I have been knowing... 這類不能用于現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)詞還有:love愛,like喜歡,hate討厭,等等。 ?。┮恍┈F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句子也與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的句子含義相同 延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)時(shí)態(tài)中使用,句意相同。例如: She has slept for 6 hours and still can not wake up. She has been sleeping for 6 hours and still cannot wake up. ?。ㄆ撸┍硎粳F(xiàn)在以前一直在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的未完成性 It has been raining for 3 days。 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的區(qū)別: 1. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的完成,而現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的延續(xù),因此,表示動(dòng)作的完成,只能用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),而不能用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。如: He has changed his idea. 他改變了想法。 2. 在表示動(dòng)作的延續(xù)時(shí),雖然既可用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),也可用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí),但現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的進(jìn)行。 因此在需要明確表示動(dòng)作還要持續(xù)下去時(shí),應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。如: We have been studying here for two years. 我們?cè)谶@兒已經(jīng)學(xué)習(xí)了兩年了。 3. 在許多情況下,現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成,而現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)卻并非如此。如: He has cleaned the window. 他把窗戶擦干凈了。(動(dòng)作已完成) He has been cleaning the window. 他一直在擦窗戶。(動(dòng)作不一定完成) 4. 有些靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞只能用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),一般不能用于現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。如: I’ve known him for many years. 我認(rèn)識(shí)他有許多年了。 The war has lasted for a long time. 這場戰(zhàn)爭持續(xù)了很長時(shí)間。 5. 有少數(shù)動(dòng)詞(如live, work, teach, study等)用兩種時(shí)態(tài)都可以,意思差別不大。如: I’ve lived [been living] here for 30 years. 我在這兒住了30年了。 How long have you worked [been working] here? 你在這里工作多久了? 6. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的相通性:在表達(dá)一個(gè)從過去開始而現(xiàn)在仍在繼續(xù)或剛剛結(jié)束的動(dòng)作時(shí),某些動(dòng)詞既可以用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),也可以用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí),如: expect, hope, learn, lie, live, look, rain, sleep, sit, snow, stand, stay, study, teach, wait, want, work等。如: 你學(xué)習(xí)英語多久了? 正:How long have yon learnt English? 正:How long have you been learning English? 他已經(jīng)睡了十個(gè)小時(shí)了。 正:He has slept for ten hours. 正:He has been sleeping for ten hours. 過去完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成區(qū)別: 1)過去時(shí)表示過去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或單純敘述過去的事情,強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作; 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)為過去發(fā)生的,強(qiáng)調(diào)過去的事情對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響,強(qiáng)調(diào)的是影響。例: I saw this film yesterday. ?。◤?qiáng)調(diào)看的動(dòng)作發(fā)生過了。) I have seen this film. ?。◤?qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響,電影的內(nèi)容已經(jīng)知道了。) Why did you get up so early? ?。◤?qiáng)調(diào)起床的動(dòng)作已發(fā)生過了。) Who hasn't handed in his paper? ?。◤?qiáng)調(diào)有包裝,可能為不公平競爭。) 2)過去時(shí)常與具體的時(shí)間狀語連用,而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)通常與模糊的時(shí)間狀語連用,或無時(shí)間狀語。 一般過去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語:yesterday, last week,…ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具體的時(shí)間狀語 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語:for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always,不確定的時(shí)間狀語 共同的時(shí)間狀語:this morning, tonight,this April, now, once,before, already, recently,lately例: She has returned from Paris. 她已從巴黎回來了。 She returned yesterday. 她是昨天回來了。 3)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),動(dòng)詞一般是延續(xù)性的,如live, teach, learn, work, study, know. 過去時(shí)常用的非持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。例: He has been in the League for three years. (在團(tuán)內(nèi)的狀態(tài)可延續(xù)) He has been a League member for three years. (是團(tuán)員的狀態(tài)可持續(xù)) He joined the League three years ago. ( 三年前入團(tuán),joined為短暫行為。) I have finished my homework now. ---Will somebody go and get Dr. White? ---He's already been sent for. 4)句子中如有過去時(shí)的時(shí)間副詞(如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960)時(shí),不能使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),要用過去時(shí)。 ?。ㄥe(cuò))Tom has written a letter to his parents last night. (對(duì))Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night. 與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行連用的主要時(shí)間狀語: 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)所用的時(shí)間狀語: all day / month; this month / week / year; these days; recently / lately; in the past few + 時(shí)間段; since +時(shí)間點(diǎn); for + 時(shí)間段,等等。如: He has been working all day. 他整天都在工作。 They have been building the bridge for two month. 兩個(gè)月來他們一直在修橋。 They have been planting trees this month. 這個(gè)月來他們一直在植樹。 Car sales have been shrinking recently. 汽車銷量近來一直在下降。 Vera has been trying to learn Chinese for years. 維拉努力學(xué)漢語已有好幾年了。 He has been sleeping for ten hours. 他已經(jīng)睡了十個(gè)小時(shí)了。 Jim has been phoning Jenny every night for the last week. 上星期,吉姆天天晚上都給詹妮打電話。 The two parties have been trying to unite since the New Year. 自從新年以來,雙方就一直在試圖聯(lián)手。 |
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