引述某人的話一般采用兩種形式：

一種是直接引語(yǔ)(Direct Speech)，即原封不動(dòng)地引用原話，把它放在引號(hào)內(nèi)；

另一種是間接引語(yǔ)(Indirect Speech)，即用自己的話加以轉(zhuǎn)述，被轉(zhuǎn)述的內(nèi)容不放在引號(hào)內(nèi)。間接引語(yǔ)在大多數(shù)情況下構(gòu)成賓語(yǔ)從句。

學(xué)習(xí)直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，我們需要注意四點(diǎn)變化：

★ 人稱變化 ★

直接引語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)換為間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，代詞要根據(jù)說(shuō)話人所處的立場(chǎng)而進(jìn)行適當(dāng)?shù)母淖儭?/p>

人稱代詞的變化

①當(dāng)主句的主語(yǔ)是第一人稱時(shí)，引語(yǔ)中的人稱代詞不變。如：

I said, “You are the first to reach here today.”

→I said that you were the first to reach there that day.

②當(dāng)直接引語(yǔ)中主語(yǔ)是第一人稱時(shí)，改寫(xiě)后的間接引語(yǔ)的主語(yǔ)人稱與主句中的主語(yǔ)人稱一致。如：

Linda said to Tim, “I’ll go there with you.”

→Linda told Tim that she would go there with him.

③當(dāng)直接引語(yǔ)中主語(yǔ)是第二人稱時(shí)，改寫(xiě)后的間接引語(yǔ)的主語(yǔ)人稱和主句賓語(yǔ)一致。如：

Her husband said to her, “Where did you put my coat?”

→Her husband asked her where she had put his coat.

提示：

如果主句中無(wú)賓語(yǔ)，改寫(xiě)時(shí)應(yīng)根據(jù)語(yǔ)境或想象，自行添加適當(dāng)?shù)馁e語(yǔ)；如果直接引語(yǔ)中有呼語(yǔ)，則在改寫(xiě)間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)變?yōu)橹骶涞馁e語(yǔ)。如：

“Why do you cry again, Carol?” asked the teacher.

→The teacher asked Carol why she cried again.

④當(dāng)直接引語(yǔ)中主語(yǔ)是第三人稱時(shí)，改寫(xiě)時(shí)不發(fā)生變化。如：

He said to Tom, “She can help them.”

→He told Tom that she could help them.

物主代詞的變化

改寫(xiě)時(shí)，句中的物主代詞也要隨句子的具體情況而發(fā)生改變。如：

“Have you found your handbag?” Father said to me.

→Father asked me whether I had found my handbag.

指示代詞的變化

一般情況下，指示代詞this改成that，these改為those。如：

He said to me, “I don’t like these coats.”

→He told me that he didn’t like those coats.

★ 時(shí)態(tài)變化 ★

直接引語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)換為間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)一般要轉(zhuǎn)換成與直接引語(yǔ)相對(duì)應(yīng)的過(guò)去的時(shí)態(tài)。

當(dāng)然，若直接引語(yǔ)使用了過(guò)去完成時(shí)，轉(zhuǎn)換時(shí)就不需要再作改變了。

但在下列情況下，間接引語(yǔ)中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)可以保持不變。

1. 主句為現(xiàn)在時(shí)或?qū)?lái)時(shí)。如：

He says, “I have won the competition held in my school.”

→He says he has won the competition held in his school.

2. 間接引語(yǔ)表示的是現(xiàn)在的習(xí)慣動(dòng)作、科學(xué)真理、客觀事實(shí)、格言等。如：

The professor said to the students, “The sun always rises in the east.”

→The professor told the students that the sun always rises in the east.

3. 間接引語(yǔ)中動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作說(shuō)話時(shí)仍在進(jìn)行或狀態(tài)仍然存在。如：

Just now Mrs Smith said, “My husband is in Beijing today.”

→Mrs Smith told me just now that her husband is in Beijing today.

4. 間接引語(yǔ)中有明確的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，仍可用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，不必改為過(guò)去完成時(shí)。如：

The lady said, “I first met the man in 2015.”

→The lady said that she first met the man in 2015.

★ 狀語(yǔ)變化 ★

直接引語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)換間接引語(yǔ)，狀語(yǔ)變化有其內(nèi)在規(guī)律。

時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)由“現(xiàn)在”改為“原來(lái)”，如now改為then，today改為that day，yesterday改為the day before，tomorrow改為the next day等；

地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)(尤其表示方向性的或用指示代詞修飾的狀語(yǔ))由“此”改為“彼”，如this 改為that, these改為those，here改為there等。如：

He said, “I bought these books here yesterday.”

→He said he had bought those books there the day before.

★句式變化 ★

間接引語(yǔ)一般構(gòu)成賓語(yǔ)從句。直接引語(yǔ)改寫(xiě)為間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞可以分為幾種情況。

陳述句

直接賓語(yǔ)為陳述句，改寫(xiě)為間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)要用that(that可省略)來(lái)引導(dǎo)。如：

Tom said, “My boss offered me a prize.”

→ Tom said (that) his boss had offered him a prize.

疑問(wèn)句

直接引語(yǔ)為疑問(wèn)句，改寫(xiě)為間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)要注意賓語(yǔ)從句部分應(yīng)為陳述語(yǔ)序，同時(shí)引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句的連接詞要視情況而定。

①一般疑問(wèn)句或反意疑問(wèn)句。

直接引語(yǔ)為一般疑問(wèn)句或反意疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，要用if/whether來(lái)引導(dǎo)，原主句的謂語(yǔ)為say時(shí)要改為ask。如：

He said, “Are you interested in English?”

→He asked (me) if/whether I was interested in English.

②選擇疑問(wèn)句。

直接引語(yǔ)是選擇疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，間接引語(yǔ)的主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可以選擇wonder, ask等詞，賓語(yǔ)從句由whether... or (not)...來(lái)引導(dǎo)。如：

My brother said, “Will you do it today or tomorrow?”

→My brother asked (me) whether I would do it that day or the next day.

③特殊疑問(wèn)句。

直接引語(yǔ)為特殊疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，引導(dǎo)詞為原句的特殊疑問(wèn)詞，如：

He asked, “Where are you to get off, Alice?”

→He asked Alice where she was to get off.

④表示請(qǐng)求、提議、建議或勸告等意義的疑問(wèn)句。

直接引語(yǔ)如果是此類(lèi)疑問(wèn)句，變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，可以變?yōu)閯?dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞形式或含虛擬語(yǔ)氣的賓語(yǔ)從句。如：

“Could you please send a car to the airport to pick me up?” Robert said to his brother.

→Robert asked his brother to send a car to the airport to pick him up.

祈使句

直接引語(yǔ)如果是祈使句，變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，通常把動(dòng)詞原形變?yōu)閯?dòng)詞不定式，并在動(dòng)詞不定式之前加上ask, order, tell, command, invite, remind, advise, request, warn等轉(zhuǎn)述動(dòng)詞，原句中please去掉。如：

“Leave the room in five minutes,” Lily said to me.

→Lily told/ordered/asked me to leave the room in five minutes.

①祈使句中有呼語(yǔ)的，把呼語(yǔ)改成轉(zhuǎn)述動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)。若祈使句中沒(méi)有呼語(yǔ)，應(yīng)根據(jù)句意給轉(zhuǎn)述動(dòng)詞補(bǔ)上適當(dāng)?shù)馁e語(yǔ)。如：

“Jim, keep silent!” said the teacher.

→The teacher ordered Jim to keep silent.

②若祈使句為否定式，在動(dòng)詞不定式之前加not。如：

“Don’t make any noise,” said the boss.

→The boss ordered/warned/requested us not to make any noise.

③祈使句表示“請(qǐng)求”、“命令”等口氣，因而祈使句直接引語(yǔ)變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)不存在時(shí)態(tài)的變化。但是人稱、指示代詞、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)等的變化還應(yīng)根據(jù)陳述句直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)的方法進(jìn)行相應(yīng)的改變。如：

“Please turn off the lights when you leave my office this afternoon,” Mr Black said to her.

→Mr Black asked her to turn off the lights when she left his office that afternoon.

④帶有l(wèi)et的祈使句(表示請(qǐng)求、建議或命令)，可用suggest/advise句型。如：

“Let’s have a picnic this weekend!” said the boy.

→The boy suggested having a picnic that weekend.

→The boy suggested that they (should) have a picnic that weekend.

感嘆句

①直接引語(yǔ)是感嘆句，其變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，多采用賓語(yǔ)從句結(jié)構(gòu)，既可用what或how引導(dǎo)，也可用that引導(dǎo)。如：

“What a handsome young man you are!” the old man said to him.

→The old man told him what a handsome young man he was.

→The old man told him that he was a handsome young man.

②有些感嘆句可以根據(jù)原句的意思，采用適當(dāng)?shù)膭?dòng)詞變?yōu)殛愂鼍?，不需用間接賓語(yǔ)來(lái)轉(zhuǎn)述。如：

“What a terrible accident it is!” he said.

→He complained about the terrible accident.

“Happy New Year!” she said.

→She wished me a happy New Year.