倒裝分為全部倒裝和部分倒裝。將整個謂語置于主語之前叫做全部倒裝；只將謂語的一部分（通常是助動詞或情態(tài)動詞）移至主語之前叫做部分倒裝，也叫半倒裝。

【口訣】

【妙語詮釋】

1. 副介開頭要倒裝，人稱代詞則如常。

在in, out, up, down, away, here, there, in front of等副詞或介詞短語開頭的句子里，用完全倒裝。但當(dāng)主語是人稱代詞時，句子的語序不變。如：

Away went the girl.

Here he comes.

On the table stood two cups and a teapot.

2. only修飾副介狀，位于句首半倒裝。

當(dāng)only修飾的副詞、介詞短語或狀語從句放在句首時，句子需部分倒裝。如：

Only then did I realize that I was wrong.

Only in this way can you improve your listening.

Only when the government stops interfering (干涉) will we see any improvement in our schools.

3. 否定意義副連介，表示“也不”須倒裝。

含有否定意義的副詞、連詞或介詞短語置于句首時，句子要部分倒裝。常見的這類單詞或短語有：never, hardly, seldom, nowhere, rarely, not until, by no means, in no way, in no time, in no case等。如：

Not until you’ve done your homework can you play now.

neither, nor置于句首表示前面否定的內(nèi)容也適用于另一人或物時，句子須用倒裝，其結(jié)構(gòu)為“neither / nor + be /助動詞/情態(tài)動詞+主語”。如：

He doesn’t like Beethoven and neither do I.

—I’ve never been to Iceland.

—Nor have I.

4. not only開頭句，前一分句須倒裝。

not only ... but (also) ... 連接兩個分句時，若not only置于句首，前一個分句用部分倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。如：

Not only did I pay off all my debts, but I still saved some money to build a new house.

5. had, were, should虛擬句，省略if半倒裝。

在省略if的虛擬條件句中，如果從句中含有had, were, should時，則將其置于句首。如：

Were I you, I wouldn’t let him go.

Had I taken enough money yesterday, I would have bought that book.

6. so / such置于句首表強調(diào)，主句需用半倒裝。

so / such ... that結(jié)構(gòu)中的so, such連同它修飾的成分位于句首時，主句要部分倒裝。如：

So loudly did he speak that everyone in the classroom could hear him clearly.

【順口溜】

【妙語詮釋】

1. 集合名詞group, family, class等作主語時，如果強調(diào)整體，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式，如果強調(diào)個體，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。但people, police, cattle作主語，謂語動詞常用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：

Class One is likely to win.

Class One were all there when the door opened.

The police are looking for the lost child.

2. 主語為單數(shù)且后跟as well as, with, along with, together with, but, like, except等介詞（短語）時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。如：

Kelly as well as the other students has learned how to type.

Our school, with some few schools, was built in the 1960s.

3. 由or, either ... or, nor, neither ... nor, not only ... but also, not ... but等連接的并列成分作主語時，通常按照就近原則，即謂語通常要與靠近它的主語一致。there be后面接并列名詞時，be應(yīng)與最鄰近的名詞在數(shù)上保持一致。如：

Either you or I am to go there.

There is a desk, a table and three chairs in the room.

4. 不定式短語、動詞-ing形式（短語）作主語時，謂語一般用單數(shù)。主語從句作主語時，謂語一般用單數(shù)，但what和which引導(dǎo)的主語從句后的謂語動詞或系動詞要與其賓語或表語的數(shù)一致。如：

Collecting stamps is my favourite hobby.

Whether we’ll go camping tomorrow hasn’t been decided.

What mother bought are some books.

5. 表示時間、距離、金錢、重量、度量、容量、溫度等的復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語，通?？醋饕粋€整體，謂語用單數(shù)形式。如：

Twenty years has passed since we left school.

Ten thousand dollars is a lot of money.

6. “all / half of +名詞”作主語，謂語的單復(fù)數(shù)由of之后的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)來決定。如：

Half of my friends live in this city.

All of the money has been used up.

7. “分?jǐn)?shù)/百分?jǐn)?shù)+ of +名詞”作主語時，謂語的單復(fù)數(shù)由of之后的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)而定。如：

Two fifths of the money was used to buy their food or drinks.

Twenty percent of the students in that school come fromAmerica.

8. 當(dāng)and連接兩個在意義上表示同一人、物或概念的單數(shù)名詞或構(gòu)成一個整體事物的兩個名詞時，謂語用單數(shù)。如：

A singer and dancer was present at the party today.

War and peace is a constant theme in history.

9. 兩個并列的名詞由no, each, many a, every等修飾時，謂語用單數(shù)。如：

Many a student and girl in the class has been to Beijing.

No sound and no voice is heard.

10. “the +形容詞”表示某一類人作主語時，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：

The rich are not always happy though they have much money.

【口訣】

【妙語詮釋】

1. 四個“希望”三“答應(yīng)”：

hope (希望)，wish (希望)，expect (希望)，long (希望)，agree (答應(yīng))，promise (答應(yīng))，undertake (答應(yīng))。

2. 四個“想要”巧“安排”：

plan (想要)，want (想要)，mean (想要)，desire (想要)，arrange (安排) 。

3. “設(shè)法”“學(xué)會”“做決定”：

manage (設(shè)法)，learn (學(xué)會)，decide (做決定)，determine (做決定) 。

4. “企圖”“假裝”要“選擇”：

attempt (企圖)，pretend (假裝)，choose (選擇)。

5. “提供”“要求”別“拒絕”：

offer (提供)，demand (要求)，refuse (拒絕)。

6. “威脅”“準(zhǔn)備”不“失敗”：

threaten (威脅)，prepare (準(zhǔn)備)，fail (失敗)。

【順口溜】

【妙語詮釋】

1. 第一句說明了動詞時態(tài)在學(xué)習(xí)過程中的重要性，同時強調(diào)在做動詞時態(tài)題時，首先要找出時間標(biāo)志詞，再根據(jù)時間確定動詞的時態(tài)。如：

① Bob would have helped us yesterday, but he ________ (be) busy.

答案是was。因為yesterday是一般過去時的標(biāo)志詞。

② Up to now, the program ________ (save) thousands of children who would otherwise have died.

答案是has saved。根據(jù)句首的Up to now可知，本句應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時。

2. 第二句強調(diào)做時態(tài)題的第二步是要找準(zhǔn)句子的主語，然后根據(jù)主語的人稱和數(shù)來確定謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：

① Barbara is easy to recognize as she’s the only one of the women who ________ (wear) evening dress. 

答案是wears。因為定語從句中主語who指代的是the only one of the women，所以謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式，同時根據(jù)主句時態(tài)可知在此應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時。

②—Is everyone here?

—Not yet ... Look, here ________ (come) the rest of our guests!

答案是come。因為主語是the rest of our guests，所以謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式，同時根據(jù)語境可知在此應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時。

3. 第三句強調(diào)我們在做時態(tài)練習(xí)題時，若碰到的是短文或?qū)υ?，就要通過全文或上下句之間的時間關(guān)系來確定動詞的時態(tài)。如：

①—I’m sorry, but I don’t quite follow you. Did you say you wanted to return on September 20?

—Sorry, I ________ (not make) myself clear. We want to return on October 20.    

答案是haven’t made。根據(jù)語境可知答話者沒有把自己的意思表達(dá)清楚，所以對方?jīng)]弄懂。故用現(xiàn)在完成時強調(diào)過去的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響和結(jié)果。

② In the spoken English of some areas in the US, the “r” sounds at the end of the words ________ (drop).      

答案是are dropped。本句沒有任何表示時間的詞，但根據(jù)句意可知本句表示客觀事實，所以用一般現(xiàn)在時。

以上幾句順口溜從一個側(cè)面告訴了我們做時態(tài)練習(xí)題應(yīng)注意的幾個核心：時間、主語和動詞。

【口訣】

一主、二賓、三不變。同主變一、同賓變二、不同者不變。

【妙語詮釋】

1. 直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語時，人稱變化規(guī)律用“一主、二賓、三不變”口訣。

直接引語變間接引語時，去掉引號后，引號內(nèi)的第一人稱要改成引號外主語的人稱；而引號內(nèi)的第二人稱要改成引號外主句的暗含賓語的人稱；引號內(nèi)的第三人稱保留不變，且不改變原人稱的數(shù)和格，即單、復(fù)數(shù)和主、賓、所有格不變。如：

Tom said to Mary, “I’ll help your brother with his English.”

→ Tom told Mary he’d help her brother with his English.

①引號中第一人稱I應(yīng)改成與主句的主語Tom相應(yīng)的人稱，即he。（一主）

②引號中第二人稱your應(yīng)改成與主句的賓語Mary相應(yīng)的人稱，但不變格，即her。（二賓）

③引號中第三人稱his仍應(yīng)保留原來人稱，不可改變。（三不變）

2. 間接引語變?yōu)橹苯右Z時，人稱變化規(guī)律用口訣“同主變一、同賓變二、不同者不變”。

間接引語變?yōu)橹苯右Z時，在加引號后，賓語從句中的代詞如果和主句中的主語人稱相同，則要改成第一人稱；如果和主句中的賓語人稱相同則要改成第二人稱，數(shù)和格不變；如果從句中人稱代詞既不同于主句的主語的人稱又不同于賓語的人稱，則仍應(yīng)保留其原人稱不變。如：

She asked me if I had seen the film with her brother the day before.

→ She asked me, “Did you see the film with my brother yesterday? ”

①從句中代詞I和主句中的賓語人稱相同應(yīng)改為第二人稱you。（同賓變二）

②從句中物主代詞her和主句的主語人稱相同，應(yīng)改為第一人稱my。（同主變一）