特約作者：重慶　扈  靜

　　近兩年新課標(biāo)全國(guó)卷中的語(yǔ)法填空試題對(duì)動(dòng)詞的考查占的比重較大，其中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)是必考點(diǎn)。通過分析近兩年高考真題和模擬試題，我們總結(jié)出了以下五招，以幫助大家巧解這一”重頭戲”考點(diǎn)。

　　一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：often, usually, always, rarely, generally, once a week, seldom

　　一般過去時(shí)：yesterday, last week, the other day, at that moment, just now

　　一般將來時(shí)：in the future, later on, before long, next year現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：recently/lately, in the past/last few years, up to now, so far, all morning, ever since, since then, for a long time(這是邊 過去完成時(shí)：long before, before that year

　　【例1】　In the last few years, China ________ (make) great achievements in environmental protection.

　　【分析】　has made。句中的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)”In the last few years”是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的標(biāo)志。

　　【例2】　It is reported that China ________ (complete) its first space station by around 2020.

　　【分析】　will have completed。句中時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)為”by around 2020”，是完成時(shí)的標(biāo)志;而2020為將來時(shí)間，所以要用將來完成時(shí)。

　　【例3】　It was raining lightly when I ________ (arrive) in Yangshuo just before dawn. (2015全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)

　　【分析】　arrived。根據(jù)主句中的動(dòng)詞was raining可知，時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的動(dòng)詞需要用一般過去時(shí)。

　　【例4】　The twins, who ________ (finish) their homework, were allowed to play  badminton on the playground.

　　【分析】　had finished。所填動(dòng)詞為定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為一般過去時(shí)，根據(jù)句意可知，finish their homework這一動(dòng)作先于were allowed發(fā)生，因此需要用過去完成時(shí)。

　　1.以下句型常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：It is the first time that sb. has done sth.。

　　2.以下句型常用過去完成時(shí)： It was the first time that sb. had done sth.; Hardly had sb. done sth. when/No sooner had sb. done sth. than...(一……就……)。

　　3.當(dāng)句中含有always, forever, constantly, continually等詞表示說話人贊揚(yáng)、同情、不滿、好奇等感情時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。

　　例句：She is always thinking of others first. No wonder she is the most popular girl in our school.

　　【例5】　This cycle ________ (go) day after day: The walls warm up during the day and cool off during the night and are thus always a timely offset(抵消) for the outside temperatures. (2015全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)

　　【分析】　goes。 后文的描述使用了一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，所以此處也應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。

　　【例6】　Yangshuo ________ (be) really beautiful. A study of travelers ________ (conduct) (空處應(yīng)填conducted) by the website TripAdvisor names Yangshuo as one of the top 10 destinations in the world. (2015全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)

　　【分析】　is。陽(yáng)朔的美麗是客觀事實(shí)，且根據(jù)后文中的動(dòng)詞names可知，應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。

　　【例7】　If nothing ________ (do), the ocean will turn into fish deserts.

　　【分析】　is done。nothing與do為動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，因此需要用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。本句中所填動(dòng)詞為狀語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，而主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為一般將來時(shí)。在條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來時(shí)。

　　【例8】　”Remember to put on more clothes，” Mother said on the phone. ”Cold weather ________ (expect) to come tomorrow morning.”

　　【分析】　is expected。因?yàn)閑xpect與主語(yǔ)Cold weather是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，應(yīng)用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。此處表示的是一般性情況，應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。

　　以下詞語(yǔ)在使用時(shí)具有一定的特殊性：dress, seat, lose, hide等，這些詞語(yǔ)后接賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài);當(dāng)它們后面不接賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞則需要用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

　　例如：He seated himself behind the desk.=He was seated behind the desk.

　　但是，以下表示屬性的動(dòng)詞應(yīng)使用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義：cut，sell, lock，shut，wash，clean，move，burn等。

　　【例9】　This kind of book is quite popular with customers, for it ________ (sell) well.

　　【分析】　sells。”sell well”用于說明事物的品質(zhì)，由句中的is可知，應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

　　通過上文的分析，同學(xué)們只要抓住句中與時(shí)態(tài)相關(guān)的顯性或者隱性的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)、特定的語(yǔ)境、固定句式和用法等，就可以輕松確定正確的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)形式。