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中文名（Chinese Name）：天麻 學名（Scientific Name）：Gastrodia elata Bl. 英文名（English Common Name）： 別名（Chinese Common Name）： 異名（Synonym）：Gastrodia mairei Schltr. Gastrodia elata f. pilifera Tuyama Gastrodia elata var. gracilis Pamp. 科屬（Family & Genus）：蘭科（Orchidaceae）天麻屬 形態(tài)特征（Description）：植株高30-100厘米，有時可達2米；根狀莖肥厚，塊莖狀，橢圓形至近啞鈴形，肉質，長8-12厘米，直徑3-5 (-7)厘米，有時更大，具較密的節(jié)，節(jié)上被許多三角狀寬卵形的鞘。莖直立，橙黃色、黃色、灰棕色或藍綠色，無綠葉，下部被數(shù)枚膜質鞘?？偁罨ㄐ蜷L5-30（-50)厘米，通常具30-50朵花；花苞片長圓狀披針形，長1-1. 5厘米，膜質；花梗和子房長7-12毫米，略短于花苞片；花扭轉，橙黃、淡黃、藍綠或黃白色，近直立；萼片和花瓣合生成的花被筒長約1厘米，直徑5-7毫米，近斜卵狀圓筒形，頂端具5枚裂片，但前方亦即兩枚側萼片合生處的裂口深達5毫米，筒的基部向前方凸出；外輪裂片（萼片離生部分）卵狀三角形，先端鈍；內輪裂片（花瓣離生部分）近長圓形，較??；唇瓣長圓狀卵圓形，長6-7毫米，寬3-4毫米，3裂，基部貼生于蕊柱足末端與花被筒內壁上并有一對肉質胼胝體，上部離生，上面具乳突，邊緣有不規(guī)則短流蘇；蕊柱長5-7毫米，有短的蕊柱足。蒴果倒卵狀橢圓形，長1. 4-1. 8厘米，寬8-9毫米?；ü?-7月。 分布（Distribution）：產吉林、遼寧、內蒙古、河北、山西、陜西、甘肅、江蘇、安徽、浙江、江西、臺灣、河南、湖北、湖南、四川、貴州、云南和西藏。生于疏林下，林中空地、林緣，灌叢邊緣，海拔400-3200米。尼泊爾、不丹、印度、日本、朝鮮半島至西伯利亞也有分布。模式標本采自東亞，具體地點不詳。 用途（Use）：天麻是名貴中藥，用以治療頭暈目眩、肢體麻木、小兒驚風等癥。 引自中國植物志英文版：FOC Vol. 25 Page 202, 203 Gastrodia elata Blume, Mus. Bot. 2: 174. 1856. 天麻 tian ma| Orchidaceae | Gastrodia Gastrodia elata f. alba S. Chow; G. elata f. flavida S. Chow; G. elata f. glauca S. Chow; G. elata var. gracilis Pampanini; G. elata f. pilifera Tuyama; G. elata f. viridis (Makino) Makino; G. elata var. viridis (Makino) Makino; G. mairei Schlechter; G. viridis Makino. Plants 30-100 cm, rarely to 200 cm tall. Rhizomes usually ellipsoid, 8-12 cm, stout, 3-5(-7) cm in diam., sometimes larger, fleshy, densely noded, with triangular or broadly ovate scales at nodes. Peduncle orange, yellow, grayish brown, or greenish, 25-80(-150) cm, with several membranous sheaths toward base; rachis 5-30(-50) cm, subdensely to densely 20-50-flowered; floral bracts oblong-lanceolate, 10-16 mm, often exceeding ovary, membranous, apex acuminate. Flowers suberect, resupinate, opening weakly, orange, pale yellow, bluish green, or yellowish white; pedicel and ovary 7-12 mm. Perianth tube urceolate, 8-10 × 5-7 mm, with a deep sinus between lateral sepals, base inflated, outer surface smooth; free portion of sepals ovate-triangular, 3-5 mm, apex obtuse; free portion of petals suboblong, smaller than sepal lobes, apex acute; lip obscurely 3-lobed, oblong-ovoid, 6-7 × 3-4 mm, glabrous, base clawed, apical margin irregularly fimbriate; claw with a pair of gibbous foldings; disk papillose, with a pair of fleshy reniform calli. Column 5-7 mm; column foot short. Capsule obovoid-ellipsoid, 14-18 × 8-9 mm. Fl. and fr. May-Jul. 2n = 24, 30, 36. Sparse forests, open places in forests, forest margins, thicket margins; 400-3200 m. Anhui, N Fujian, Gansu, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Bhutan, NE India, Japan, Korea, Nepal, Russia (Far East)]. This species is widely cultivated for its tubers (tianma) that are used in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of convulsive disorders such as epilepsy.   
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