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高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法第一輪復(fù)習(xí)-分詞 一、概說(shuō) 英語(yǔ)分詞分現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞。現(xiàn)在分詞與動(dòng)名詞相同，規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞與過(guò)去式相同，不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞沒(méi)有特別規(guī)則，需特別記憶。分詞是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的一種，它一方面具有動(dòng)詞性質(zhì)，可以有自己的狀語(yǔ)，另一方面又具有形容詞和副詞功能，可用作定語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)等。 二、現(xiàn)在分詞的句法功能 1. 作表語(yǔ) The news is encouraging. 這消息令人鼓舞。 The present situation is terrifying. 目前形勢(shì)令人驚恐。 Please be seated. 請(qǐng)坐好。 The window was broken. 窗戶(hù)破了。 注：(1) 有的用作表語(yǔ)的分詞具有形容詞性質(zhì)，有的甚至已轉(zhuǎn)化為形容詞。 (2) 現(xiàn)在分詞和動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)的區(qū)別：現(xiàn)在分詞作表語(yǔ)主要表示主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)和特征，而動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)則主要是對(duì)主語(yǔ)內(nèi)容的進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明和解釋。另外，動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí)它可與主語(yǔ)交換位置，而現(xiàn)在分詞作表語(yǔ)則不可與主語(yǔ)交換位置： 誤：Very interesting is my job. 正：Looking after the children is my job. 還有，作表語(yǔ)的現(xiàn)在分詞不能帶賓語(yǔ)，而作表語(yǔ)用的動(dòng)名詞可以帶賓語(yǔ)(如上例)。 2. 作定語(yǔ) What disappointing news! 多么令人失望的消息! The story had a satisfying ending. 這故事有一個(gè)令人滿(mǎn)意的結(jié)局。 She is a trained nurse. 她是一個(gè)受過(guò)訓(xùn)練的護(hù)士。 All these are required subjects. 所有這些都是必修課。 注：(1) 單個(gè)的分詞作定語(yǔ)可以置于被修飾詞語(yǔ)之前，但若是分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)則應(yīng)置于被修飾名詞之后： There is a gentleman asking to see you. 有一位先生要求見(jiàn)你。 She bought a computer produced in China. 她買(mǎi)了一臺(tái)中國(guó)生產(chǎn)的電腦。 (2) 由現(xiàn)在分詞being構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)通常不能用作后置定語(yǔ)，除非這個(gè)being是構(gòu)成被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的助動(dòng)詞： 誤：Anyone being ill can take the medicine. 正：Anyone who is ill can take the medicine. 任何人病了都可服這藥。 正：He isn’t interested in the question being discussed. 他對(duì)討論的問(wèn)題不感興趣。 (3) 現(xiàn)在分詞作后置定語(yǔ)時(shí)，它所表示的動(dòng)作通常不能發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前(這也就是為什么現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式不能用作后置定語(yǔ)的原因)： 誤：The man stealing [having stolen] the car was caught. 正：The man who stole the car was caught. 偷汽車(chē)的那個(gè)人被抓了。 (4) 現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)與動(dòng)名詞作定語(yǔ)的區(qū)別：現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，它所修飾的名詞通常就是現(xiàn)在分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)，并且通?？赊D(zhuǎn)換成一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句；而動(dòng)名詞作定語(yǔ)表示的是被修飾名詞的作用、作途等。比較： a moving truck 正在移動(dòng)的汽車(chē)(moving為現(xiàn)在分詞，與truck有主謂關(guān)系) a moving truck 搬家汽車(chē)(moving為動(dòng)名詞，說(shuō)明truck的用途) a hunting dog 正在獵物的狗(hunting為現(xiàn)在分詞，與dog有主謂關(guān)系) a hunting dog 獵狗(hunting為動(dòng)名詞，說(shuō)明dog的用途) 3. 作狀語(yǔ) 分詞作狀語(yǔ)可以表示多種關(guān)系： (1) 表時(shí)間： Seeing the cat, the mouse ran off. 見(jiàn)到貓，老鼠就跑了。 The work finished, he went home. 工作做完后，他就回家了。 (2) 表原因： Being very weak, she couldn’t move. 她由于身體虛弱而不能行動(dòng)。 His car broken down, he had to walk. 他的車(chē)壞了，所以只好走路。 Much discouraged，she moved on to London. 她很沮喪，搬到了倫敦。 (3) 表?xiàng)l件： United, we stand; divided, we fall. 團(tuán)結(jié)則存，分裂則亡。 Given more time, we could have done it better. 如果多給點(diǎn)時(shí)間，我們可以做得更好。 Working hard, you will succeed. 如果努力工作，你就可以成功。 Adding them all up, we can find the answer. 如果把它們加起來(lái)，我們就可以得到答案。 (4) 表讓步： Although living miles away, he attended the course. 雖然住在幾英里以外，他仍去上課。 Defeated, he remained a popular boxer. 雖然被擊敗了，他仍是一個(gè)受歡迎的拳擊手。 (5) 表方式： He earns a living driving a truck. 他靠開(kāi)卡車(chē)謀取生。 I’m returning you letter as requested. 我按要求給你退信。 (6) 表伴隨： He sat in the chair reading newspapers. 他坐在椅子上看報(bào)。 Don’t you sit there doing nothing. 別什么也不干坐在那里。 He came in, followed by his wife. 他走了進(jìn)來(lái)，后面跟著他的妻子。 (7) 表結(jié)果： He fired, killing one of the passers-by. 他開(kāi)槍了，打死了一個(gè)過(guò)路人。 He died, leaving his wife with five children. 他死了，留下他妻子和五個(gè)兒子。 It rained and rained, vehicles bogged and bridges washed out. 雨不停地下，車(chē)輛陷入泥沼，橋梁被水沖去。 4. 作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) He soon had them all laughing. 他很快逗得大家都笑了。 I saw her being taken to the operating room. 我看見(jiàn)她被送到手術(shù)室。 We found him greatly changed. 我們發(fā)現(xiàn)他變化很大。 I heard my name called. 我聽(tīng)到有人叫我的名字。 All these are required subjects. 所有這些都是必修課。 三、分詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài) 現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)如下表(如動(dòng)詞do為例)：
1. 現(xiàn)在分詞一般式的用法 現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式所表示的動(dòng)作與主語(yǔ)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生： When we arrived, we found him sleeping. 我們到達(dá)時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)他在睡覺(jué)。 Living in the suburbs, we have few visitors. 因?yàn)樽≡诮纪?，我們沒(méi)什么訪客。 注：有時(shí)現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動(dòng)作也可略早于或遲于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作，但兩者之間沒(méi)有時(shí)間間隔： Seeing nobody at home, he decided to leave a note. 發(fā)現(xiàn)沒(méi)有在家，他決定留個(gè)字條。 He went home, finding the door locked. 他回到家，發(fā)現(xiàn)門(mén)是鎖著的。 當(dāng)現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動(dòng)作略遲于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作時(shí)，現(xiàn)在分詞通常位于句末。 2. 現(xiàn)在分詞完成式的用法 現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式主要表示發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前的動(dòng)作： Having been there once，she knew the place quite well. 由于去過(guò)那兒一次，她對(duì)那地方很熟悉。 Having failed twice, he didn’t want to try again. 他已經(jīng)失敗了兩次，不想再試了。 注：(1) 現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式和完成式均可表示已完成或先于謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作，但有區(qū)別：現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動(dòng)作雖然可以先于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作，但兩者之間沒(méi)有時(shí)間間隔，而現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式所表示先于謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作則與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作有一定的時(shí)間間隔： Locking the door, he went out. 鎖好門(mén)之后，他就出去了。 Having invited him here to speak，we’d better go to his lecture. 既然我們請(qǐng)了他來(lái)作報(bào)告，我們最好去聽(tīng)一下。 有時(shí)即使是分詞動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生，但如果要強(qiáng)調(diào)分詞動(dòng)作的完成性，也應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式： Having bought our tickets，we went into the theatre. 我們買(mǎi)好票后就走進(jìn)劇場(chǎng)。 (2) 現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式一般不用作定語(yǔ)： 誤：Do you know anyone having lost a cat? 你知道有誰(shuí)丟了一只貓嗎？ 誤：I want to talk to the person having broken the window. 我想同打破窗戶(hù)的人談?wù)劇?/FONT> 若將以上現(xiàn)分詞的完成式改為一般式也不可以(因?yàn)楝F(xiàn)在分詞作后置定語(yǔ)時(shí)通常只表示與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作同時(shí)或幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，而不能先于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作而發(fā)生)： 誤：I want to talk to the person breaking the window. 3. 現(xiàn)在分詞被動(dòng)式的用法 當(dāng)要表示一個(gè)被動(dòng)動(dòng)作時(shí)，現(xiàn)在分詞就用被動(dòng)形式?，F(xiàn)在分詞的一般式和完成式均有被動(dòng)式形式： (1) 現(xiàn)在分詞一般式的被動(dòng)式：主要表示現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，也可表示與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作： Who is the woman being operated on? 正在動(dòng)手術(shù)的女人是誰(shuí)? I saw him being taken away by the police. 我看見(jiàn)他被警察帶走。 注：有時(shí)現(xiàn)在分詞一般式的被動(dòng)式所表示的動(dòng)作也可發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前(此時(shí)的現(xiàn)在分詞通常用于表示原因，且多為狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞)： Not having a car, he finds it difficult to get around. 由于沒(méi)車(chē)，她感到行動(dòng)很困難。 (2) 現(xiàn)在分詞完成式的被動(dòng)式：主要表示發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前且已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作。如： The subject having been opened，he had to go on with it. 話(huà)題已經(jīng)開(kāi)始了，他不得不談下去。 Having been written in haste, the book has many mistakes. 這書(shū)因?qū)懙脗}(cāng)促，所以錯(cuò)誤不少。 比較：Being so ill, she can’t go to school. 由于病得那么嚴(yán)重，她不能去上學(xué)。 Having been ill for a long time, he needed time to recover. 由于病了很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間，他需要一段恢復(fù)的時(shí)間。 3. 過(guò)去分詞一般式的用法 過(guò)去分詞只有一般式，沒(méi)有完成式。過(guò)去分詞在意義上最主要特點(diǎn)是表被動(dòng)，在時(shí)間上它可以表示多種關(guān)系： (1) 表示已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作： Born in a poor family, he could not go to school. 因生于貧窮家庭，他上不起學(xué)。 Built in 1501，the bridge is over 500 years old. 這座橋建于1501年，已有五百多年的歷史。 (2) 表示經(jīng)常性動(dòng)作或泛指概論： He is a man loved by all. 他是一個(gè)受大家愛(ài)戴的人。 The woman talked about is very rich. 人們經(jīng)常談?wù)摰哪莻€(gè)女人很有錢(qián)。 注：the woman talked about也可表示“已被人們談?wù)撨^(guò)的那個(gè)女人”。 (3) 表示與謂動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞同時(shí)(幾乎同時(shí))發(fā)生的動(dòng)作： Asked why he came, he kept silent. 問(wèn)他為什么要來(lái)，他一言不發(fā)。 He came in, followed by his secretary. 他走了進(jìn)來(lái)，后面跟著他的秘書(shū)。 (4) 表示現(xiàn)在或過(guò)去(當(dāng)時(shí))的狀態(tài)： The murderer was brought in, his hands tied behind. 兇手被帶了進(jìn)來(lái)，雙手被綁在后面。 4. 過(guò)去分詞與現(xiàn)在分詞被動(dòng)式的區(qū)別 兩者均可表示被動(dòng)，其區(qū)別主要在于它們所表示的時(shí)間概念不同(參見(jiàn)以上有關(guān)用法)，但有時(shí)它們也可表示相同的意思： Written in haste, the book has many mistakes. 這書(shū)因?qū)懙脗}(cāng)促，所以錯(cuò)誤不少。 Being written in haste, the book has many mistakes. 這書(shū)因?qū)懙脗}(cāng)促，所以錯(cuò)誤不少。 Having been written in haste, the book has many mistakes. 這書(shū)因?qū)懙脗}(cāng)促，所以錯(cuò)誤不少。 有時(shí)雖然所表示的時(shí)間概念相同，但有細(xì)微區(qū)別： Having been show the lab, we left. 被領(lǐng)著看了實(shí)驗(yàn)室后，我們就離開(kāi)了。 Shown the lab, we left. 被領(lǐng)著一看完實(shí)驗(yàn)室，我們就離開(kāi)了。(有一種急促感) 四、分詞的否定式 分詞的否定式總是將否定詞not置于分詞之前，遇上現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式、被動(dòng)式以及完成被動(dòng)式，否定詞應(yīng)置于整個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)之前： Not being able to understand English, he didn’t know what they wanted. 由于他不懂英語(yǔ)，他不知道他們要什么。 Not having finished his work，he could not leave the office. 由于工作沒(méi)干完他不能離開(kāi)辦公室。 Everyone helped，John not excepted. 大家都來(lái)幫忙，約翰也不例外。 五、分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ) 1. 何謂分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ) 分詞屬非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，即不用作謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞，所以它沒(méi)有真正的主語(yǔ)。但是，分詞作為動(dòng)詞的一種形式，它應(yīng)有自己理論上或邏輯上的主語(yǔ)： I often hear him singing this song. 我經(jīng)常聽(tīng)他唱這首歌。(him 是singing的邏輯主語(yǔ)) Hearing the news, he couldn’t help crying. 聽(tīng)到這消息，他禁不住哭了。(he是hearing的邏輯主語(yǔ)) 若用的是過(guò)去分詞或現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式，則上面提到的邏輯主語(yǔ)實(shí)為“邏輯賓語(yǔ)”： I often hear this song sung. 我經(jīng)常聽(tīng)到有人唱這首歌。(this song是sung的邏輯主語(yǔ)，但是sing 的邏輯賓語(yǔ)) I saw her being taken to the operating room. 我看見(jiàn)她被送到手術(shù)室。(her是being taken 的邏輯主語(yǔ)，但是take 的邏輯賓語(yǔ)) 2. 使用分詞邏輯主語(yǔ)的易錯(cuò)點(diǎn) 分詞作狀語(yǔ)，它的邏輯主語(yǔ)通常應(yīng)是句子主語(yǔ)，否則會(huì)出錯(cuò)。請(qǐng)看下例： (1) Finding her car stolen, ______. A. a policeman was asked to help B. the area was searched thoroughly C. it was looked for everywhere D. she hurried to a policeman for help 此題答案應(yīng)選D，因?yàn)榫涫子米鳡钫Z(yǔ)的現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)finding her car stolen 的邏輯主語(yǔ)應(yīng)是“她”，而不是 a policeman, the area, it 等。 在使用分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)時(shí)還要注意根據(jù)句意判斷是主動(dòng)還是被動(dòng)，如： (2) _____ many times, he still didn’t understand it. A. Having been told B. Though to be told C. Having told D. He was told 根據(jù)句意，he 與 tell 應(yīng)是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。從時(shí)間上看，應(yīng)該是“被告訴”在先，“沒(méi)有理解”在后，故選A。比較下題由于句中用了并列連詞but，情況有所不同： (3) _____ many times, but he still didn’t understand it. A. Having been told B. Though he was told C. To have been told D. He was told 此題答案選D，句中的并列連詞 but 表明整個(gè)句子為并列句，同時(shí)表明 but 前應(yīng)是一個(gè)獨(dú)立的句子，而不能是一個(gè)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)(所以不能選A或C)。 3. 分詞邏輯主語(yǔ)的特例 一般說(shuō)來(lái)，分詞作狀語(yǔ)，它的邏輯主語(yǔ)應(yīng)與句子主語(yǔ)一致，但事實(shí)上有少數(shù)例外的特殊情況： (1) 某些表示說(shuō)話(huà)人態(tài)度的一些慣用分詞表達(dá)，它們?cè)谟米鳡钫Z(yǔ)時(shí)其邏輯主語(yǔ)可以與句子主語(yǔ)不一致： Generally speaking, women live longer than men. 一般說(shuō)來(lái)女人比男人活得長(zhǎng)。 Judging from what you say，he ought to succeed. 從你的話(huà)看他應(yīng)當(dāng)能成功。 Considering the distance，he arrived very quickly. 考慮到路程，他到達(dá)是很快的。 Taking everything into consideration, you should leave. 考慮到各種因素，你最好離開(kāi)。 (2) 當(dāng)句子含有先行主語(yǔ)it或there時(shí)，有時(shí)有作狀語(yǔ)的分詞短語(yǔ)可以與先行主語(yǔ)不一致： Having so little time, there was not much that I could do. 由于時(shí)間很少，我能做的事很有限。 Being French, it’s surprising that she’s such a terrible cook. 她是法國(guó)人，但她做飯做得那么糟真是令人感到驚奇。 (3) 當(dāng)分詞已轉(zhuǎn)化為介詞或連詞，此時(shí)也無(wú)需考慮主語(yǔ)一致問(wèn)題： Supposing she doesn’t come, what shall we do? 要是她不來(lái)我們?cè)趺崔k?(supposing為連詞，意為“假若”) Given their inexperience, they’ve done a good job. 考慮到他們沒(méi)有經(jīng)驗(yàn)，這工作已做得很不錯(cuò)了。(given為介詞，意為“考慮到”) (4) 當(dāng)分詞暗含的邏輯主語(yǔ)為表示泛指意義的one或you時(shí)，也無(wú)需考慮主語(yǔ)的一致性問(wèn)題： In doing such work, patience is needed. 做這種工作需要耐心。(=When one does such work, patience is needed.) 4. 分詞的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu) 在通常情況下，分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)它的邏輯主語(yǔ)應(yīng)與句子主語(yǔ)一致，若不一致，則應(yīng)改用其他句型，如： 誤：Crossing the road, a car knocked him down. 正：Crossing the road, he was knocked down by a car. 過(guò)馬路時(shí)他被車(chē)撞倒了。 正：When he was crossing the road, a car knocked him down. 他過(guò)馬路時(shí)車(chē)子把他撞倒了。 解決狀語(yǔ)分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)與句子主語(yǔ)不一致的問(wèn)題，也可在分詞前加一個(gè)名詞或代詞，使之成為分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)。由于加在分詞前的名詞或代詞要用主格形式，故稱(chēng)分詞的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)： The job finished, we went home. 工作結(jié)束后我們就回家了。 The weather being fine, we went swimming. 天氣很好，我們就去游泳了。 He being absent, nothing couldn’t be done. 由于他缺席，什么事也干不成。 以上各句的the job, the weather, he 等不能省略。 六、重點(diǎn)考點(diǎn)原創(chuàng)精練 1. Anyone ______ bags, boxes, or whatever, was stopped by the police. A. seen carry B. seen carrying C. saw to carry D. saw carrying 2. The plane crashed, _____ all 200 people aboard. A. killed B. having killed C. killing D. had killed 3. We solved the problem by reducing our costs and ______ more money. A. borrowed B. borrowing C. would borrow D. had borrowed 4. I asked the boss for a month’s holiday and, _____ it or not, he agreed. A. believe B. to believe C. believing D. believed 5. The new manager started last week, ______ with him plenty of new ideas. A. bringing B. brought C. to bring D. to have brought 6. Any student ______ will be disqualified from the exam. A. catching cheating B. catching to cheat C. caught cheating D. caught to cheat 7. She read the letter through before sending it, ______ for spelling mistakes. A. checked B. to be checking C. checking D. having checked 8. Before you decide to leave your job, ______ consider the effect it will have on your family. A. consider B. considering C. to consider D. considered 9. If you’re going on a long car journey, ______ sure the vehicle’s in good condition. A. making B. to make C. make D. having made 10. _______ the road round to the right and you’ll find his house. A. Follow B. Following C. To be following D. Having followed 11. He arrived at the office early, ______ a good example to the others. A. set B. to set C. to be set D. having set 12. He pushed his way through the crowd, ______ “Excuse me.” A. to say B. said C. saying D. having saying 13. The film star walked to his car, ______ a crowd of journalists. A. followed by B. following by C. to follow D. to be followed by 14. — Where is David? —He is upstairs ______ ready to go out. A. to get B. getting C. to be getting D. having got 15. If you go there alone after dark you might be get ______. A. attacked and robbed B. attacking and robbing B. to attack and rob D. to be attacked and robbed 16. She gets about quite a lot, ______ for an international company. A. working B. works C. having worked D. to be working 17. _____ him enough time to get home before you telephone. A. Give B. To give C. Giving D. Given 18. She didn’t want to _____ a secretary all her life, so she went back to college. A. go on being B. go on to be C. go to be D. go being 19. He was reading his book, completely ______ to the world. A. lost B. losing C. to lose D. to having lost 20. Don’t sit there ______ — come and help me! A. watch B. watching C. to watch D. to be watching 21. I found I could easily make myself _______ by using sign language. A. understood B. understand C. to understand D. being understood 22. Do not leave the building unless _______ to do so. A. to instruct B. instructed C. being instructed D. instructing 23. If you don’t succeed the first time, ______ again. A. try B. to try C. trying D. to be trying 24. He’d walked the streets all night ______ somewhere to stay. A. looked B. looked for C. looking D. looked for 25. Look at that little boy ______ about — perhaps he’s lost his mother. A. wander B. wandering C. to be wandering D. being wandering
參考答案： 01—05 BCBAA 06—10 CCACA 11—15 BCABA 16—20 AAAAB 21—25 ABADB
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