【語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)精析之被分隔的定語(yǔ)從句】
定語(yǔ)從句一般緊接被它所修飾的先行詞；但有時(shí)候它和先行詞之間有可能插入其他成分，使它與先行詞分隔開(kāi)來(lái)，這種定語(yǔ)從句叫作被分隔的定語(yǔ)從句，在閱讀文章時(shí)會(huì)經(jīng)常遇到這種情況，在閱讀是要注意識(shí)別先行詞的修飾對(duì)象。
一般說(shuō)來(lái)，定語(yǔ)從句被分割開(kāi)來(lái)大致有以下三種：
①在先行詞與定語(yǔ)從句之間插入一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)。
如：There are many thousands of stars in the sky that are like the sun.
在太空中有成千上萬(wàn)的象太陽(yáng)般的星星。
乍一看，that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句在名詞sky的后面，似乎應(yīng)該是修飾sky的。但仔細(xì)一想，”不對(duì)啊，天空怎么能象太陽(yáng)呢？“，原來(lái)that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句被in the sky這個(gè)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)分隔開(kāi)來(lái)，修飾中心詞stars。
②在先行詞與定語(yǔ)從句之間插入一個(gè)定語(yǔ)。
如：Do you remember one afternoon ten years ago when I came to your house and borrowed a diamond necklace?
你還記得嗎，十年前的一天下午，我來(lái)到你家，找你借了一條鉆石項(xiàng)鏈？
when I came to your house and borrowed a diamond necklace實(shí)際上是修飾afternoon而不是修飾 years。ten years ago 實(shí)際上是定語(yǔ)后置修飾afternoon。
③先行詞與定語(yǔ)從句被謂語(yǔ)分隔開(kāi)來(lái)。此時(shí)，先行詞通常是句子的主語(yǔ)，因定語(yǔ)從句較長(zhǎng)，主句謂語(yǔ)較短，為使句子平衡，常將定語(yǔ)從句移至謂語(yǔ)之后
如：A new master will come tomorrow who will teach you German.
明天，新（男）老師將來(lái)較你德語(yǔ)。
【語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)精析之besides,but,except,exept for,excepting,apart from的區(qū)別】
（１） besides與except
前者表示＂除．．．以外，還有．．．＂；后者表示＂從整體中除去．．．＂
這個(gè)大家都知道，就不舉例子了．
（２）except與except for
a．除去的和非除去的是同類(lèi)事物，用except
eg：
All the essays are well written except Nelson"s.
Nelson的文章（除去的）和All the essays（非除去的）是同類(lèi)事物，所以用except．
b．除去的和非除去的不是同類(lèi)事物，用except for，并且從語(yǔ)氣上通常表示遺憾．
eg：His essay is well written except for a few spelling mistakes.
a few spelling mistakes(除去的）和His essay（非除去的）是不同類(lèi)的事物．
（３）apart from 具有多重意義：既可表示besides，也可以表示exept或exept for，還可以表示without的意思
eg：
Apart from the cost,it will take a lot of time.(=besides)
The orphan had no one to take care of him apart from his uncle.(=except)
He has done good work,apart from a few slight faults.(=except for)
There can be no knowledge apart from practice.實(shí)踐出真知．（＝without）
（４）excepting =except,但一般用于句首或用于not，without，always等詞之后
eg:
Excepting his brother,they are all right.
Everyone,not excepting myself,must share the blame.
All of us,without excepting those who know more about the subject,should study.
All my brothers com here every day,always excepting the youngest.
（５）but與except同義，但but多用在every，any，no等和由這些詞構(gòu)成的復(fù)合詞如everything，anywhere，nobody等詞以后及all，none之后
eg：
The children go to school everyday but Sunday.
They are all gone but me.
You can get the book anywhere but here.
There is no one but me.
Who but George would do such a thing?
【語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)之too...to 結(jié)構(gòu)表示肯定含義的情況】（連載中）
【too...to 結(jié)構(gòu)表示肯定含義的情況】
我們知道too...to結(jié)構(gòu)一般表示否定含義,意為"太...以致于不能"
eg:He is too old to work.
但too...to在下列情況下卻表示肯定含義:
⑴當(dāng)too前或to前有否定詞構(gòu)成雙重否定時(shí).
eg:English is not too difficult to learn.
英語(yǔ)并不太難學(xué).
He is too wise not to see that.
他很聰明,不會(huì)不懂這一點(diǎn).
⑵當(dāng)too后是glad,pleased,happy,delighted,satisfied,ready,willing,kind,apt,good,true,easy,near,careful,well,
early,delicious,eager,anxious等形容詞或副詞時(shí).
eg:They are too anxious to leave.
他們急于離開(kāi).
He is too ready to help others.
他總是樂(lè)于助人.
與這些詞連用時(shí),too前還常加上only,all,but,just,simply等副詞,意思不變,因?yàn)檫@些詞加上too后與very同義.
eg:I"m only too glad to see you .
見(jiàn)到你非常高興.
They are but too pleased to hear the news.
他們聽(tīng)到這個(gè)消息,非常高興.
⑶與cannot連用時(shí).
eg:You cannot be too careful(=You can never be careful enough) to do your homework.
你做作業(yè)越仔細(xì)越好(=無(wú)論怎樣仔細(xì)也不過(guò)分).
⑷當(dāng)不定式在句中作定語(yǔ)或真正的主語(yǔ)時(shí).
eg:There are too many problems to be solved.
有很多問(wèn)題有待解決.
It is too much to say that he is a fool.
【語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)精析之every表示”每隔“的用法】
⑴"every other+單數(shù)名詞”
意思是“每隔一。。。”
如：every other day 每隔一天 every other tree 每隔一棵樹(shù)
⑵“every+基數(shù)詞+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”或“every+序數(shù)詞+單數(shù)名詞”
意思是“每隔。。。”（較英語(yǔ)數(shù)詞少一個(gè)）
如：every three days=every third day 每隔兩天（或者譯為每三天）
因此every two days=every other day 每隔一天（或者譯為每?jī)商欤?/p>
⑶“every few+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”
意思是“每隔幾。。。”
如：every few days（每隔幾天）
【語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)精析之a(chǎn)live、live、living和lively的用法】
⑴ lively 有“活潑的、快活的、生動(dòng)的”等意思，可以指人或物，可作定語(yǔ)或標(biāo)語(yǔ)；但它沒(méi)有“活著的”意思，而其他三個(gè)都有。
如：
Young children are usually lively.
小孩子們通常是活潑的。
He told a very lively story.
他講了一個(gè)生動(dòng)的故事。
⑵alive、live、living都有“活的、有生命的”意思，與dead意義相反。但live通常只作前置定語(yǔ)，且一般用于動(dòng)物；alive、living不僅可作定語(yǔ)（alive只能置于名詞后；living一般置于名詞前，也可置于名詞后），也可以作表語(yǔ)。
如：
This is a live(=living) fish.(=This is a fish alive.)
這是一條活魚(yú)。（指動(dòng)物，且作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，三者均可用）
Who"s the greatest man alive(=living man)?
誰(shuí)是當(dāng)今最偉大的人物？（指人，不能用live）
The fish is still alive(=living)
那條魚(yú)還活著。（指動(dòng)物作表語(yǔ)時(shí)不能用live）。
⑶living主要指在某個(gè)時(shí)候是活著的，而alive指本來(lái)有死的可能，但仍活著的。而且，作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，只能用alive；作比喻義（如“活像。。。”、“活生生的”等）解時(shí)，要用living。
如：
The enemy officer was caught alive.(作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，不用living）
那位敵方軍官被活捉了。
We found the snake alive.(作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，不用living）
He is the living image of his father.(比喻義，不用alive）
他活象他父親。
⑷只有l(wèi)iving前加the方可表示“活著的人”，作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，視作復(fù)數(shù)。
如：
The living are more important to us than the dead.
活著的人對(duì)我們來(lái)說(shuō)比死去的人更重要。
語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)精析之含義因有無(wú)冠詞而迥異的短語(yǔ)】
at play 在玩
at the play 在看戲
behind time 遲到
behind the times 落在時(shí)代后
by day 在白天
by the day 按日計(jì)算
by sea 乘船
by the sea 在海邊
in front of 在...(外面的)前面
in the front of 在...(內(nèi)部的前面)
in charge of 看護(hù),負(fù)責(zé)
in the charge of 由...看護(hù),由...負(fù)責(zé)
in secret 秘密地(作狀語(yǔ))
in the secret 知道內(nèi)情(作表語(yǔ))
in course of 在...過(guò)程中(作表語(yǔ)后置定語(yǔ))
in the course of 在...期間(作狀語(yǔ))
in red 穿著紅衣服
in the red 負(fù)債,赤字
of age 成年
of an age (歲數(shù))同年
on fire 著火
on the fire 在考慮中
on occasion 不時(shí)地;必要時(shí)
on the occasion 在那時(shí)
out of question 毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)
out of the question 不可能
to death 十分
to the death 到最后
five of us 我們中的五人(部分)
the five of us 我們五個(gè)人(全部)
a yellow and white cat 一只黃白相間的貓
a yellow and a white cat 一只黃貓和一只白貓
in a faimly way 象一家人一樣
in the family way 懷孕
die of cold 凍死
die of a cold 感冒而死
have words with 與...爭(zhēng)吵
have a word with 與...略談
keep house 管理家務(wù)
keep the house 守在家里
take rest 就寢
take a reat 休息一下
take place 發(fā)生
take the place of 代替
【語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)精析之與-ly副詞同義的介詞短語(yǔ)】
in angry= angrily
in despair= desparingly
in admiration= admiringly
in common = commonly
in fact = acrually
in fear = fearfully
in fairness = fairly
in fun = funnily
in grief = grievously
in joke = jokingly
in line = lineally
in mercy = mercifully
in public = publicly
in silence =silently
in spite =spitefully
in sorrow =sorrily/sorrowfully
in surprise =surprisedly
with a smile =smilingly
with satisfaction = satisfactorily
with attention =attentively
with care =carefully
with courage =courageously
with difficult =difficultly
with emphasis = emphatically
with fascination =fascinatingly
with grace =gracefully
with joy = joyfully
with pride =proudly
with pleasure =pleasantly
with warmth =warmly
out of breath =breathlessly
【語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)精析之用to do還是of doing作后置定語(yǔ)】
不同的名詞,對(duì)這兩種后置定語(yǔ)的選擇是有區(qū)別的,有的只能用to do,有的只可用of doing,有的兩種都可以.現(xiàn)分述如下:
⑴will, willingness, suggestion, conclusion, decision, permission, agreement, refusal, determination, proposal, resolution等,一般用不定式作后置定語(yǔ).
如:
Mary has the will to win the first prize.(不用of winning)
瑪麗有獲得一等獎(jiǎng)的決心.
He has drawn a conclusion to go abroad with his family.(不用of winning)
他已作出了攜家去國(guó)外的決定.
⑵hope, risk, possibility, impossibility, probability, intention, prospect, responsiblility, aim等,一般只能用of doing作后置定語(yǔ).
如:
In fact,tere is no hope of their winning the game.
事實(shí)上,他們沒(méi)有希望贏得這場(chǎng)比賽.(不能說(shuō)for them to win)
He will run the risk of losing his life to save the child.
他將冒生命危險(xiǎn)去救那個(gè)孩子.
⑶way, chance, need, necessity, right, freedom, power, opportunity,ability等,既可用不定式短語(yǔ),又可用of doing短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ).
如:
Their chance to go(of ging) abroad was lost.
他們失去了出國(guó)的機(jī)會(huì).
He has the right to do (of doing) that.
他有權(quán)那樣做.
【語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)精析之用to do還是of doing作后置定語(yǔ)】
不同的名詞,對(duì)這兩種后置定語(yǔ)的選擇是有區(qū)別的,有的只能用to do,有的只可用of doing,有的兩種都可以.現(xiàn)分述如下:
⑴will, willingness, suggestion, conclusion, decision, permission, agreement, refusal, determination, proposal, resolution等,一般用不定式作后置定語(yǔ).
如:
Mary has the will to win the first prize.(不用of winning)
瑪麗有獲得一等獎(jiǎng)的決心.
He has drawn a conclusion to go abroad with his family.(不用of winning)
他已作出了攜家去國(guó)外的決定.
⑵hope, risk, possibility, impossibility, probability, intention, prospect, responsiblility, aim等,一般只能用of doing作后置定語(yǔ).
如:
In fact,tere is no hope of their winning the game.
事實(shí)上,他們沒(méi)有希望贏得這場(chǎng)比賽.(不能說(shuō)for them to win)
He will run the risk of losing his life to save the child.
他將冒生命危險(xiǎn)去救那個(gè)孩子.
⑶way, chance, need, necessity, right, freedom, power, opportunity,ability等,既可用不定式短語(yǔ),又可用of doing短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ).
如:
Their chance to go(of ging) abroad was lost.
他們失去了出國(guó)的機(jī)會(huì).
He has the right to do (of doing) that.
他有權(quán)那樣做.
虛擬語(yǔ)氣的重點(diǎn)是：
1．一些常見(jiàn)的虛擬語(yǔ)氣的句型或結(jié)構(gòu)。
2．虛擬語(yǔ)氣的特殊形式，即用來(lái)表示要求、建議、命令、提議、意愿等的主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬形式。
3．主從句表示不同的時(shí)間概念、事實(shí)或假設(shè)情況，從而交錯(cuò)成為復(fù)合虛擬語(yǔ)氣。
4．含蓄條件句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣的表示愿望的虛擬形式。
上述四個(gè)要點(diǎn)往往在完形填空或者閱讀理解里面存在，尤其是每年完形填空都至少有一道直接考這方面的知識(shí)的題目，而在閱讀理解里，我們掌握上述四個(gè)重點(diǎn)對(duì)于我們理解文章的大意和作者態(tài)度很有幫助，了解哪些觀點(diǎn)是作者假設(shè)的、虛擬的，哪些是真實(shí)的，這樣對(duì)于我們回答關(guān)于作者態(tài)度觀點(diǎn)題很有幫助。
下面我們將主要從上述四個(gè)方面來(lái)重點(diǎn)論述在考試中應(yīng)該注意的問(wèn)題。
一、虛擬語(yǔ)氣的常見(jiàn)類(lèi)型和句型
（1）由wish引起的表示愿望的虛擬語(yǔ)氣
A．用wish表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在的愿望時(shí)，它所引起的賓語(yǔ)從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式為：過(guò)去式（be動(dòng)詞用were）。
B．用wish表示對(duì)將來(lái)的愿望時(shí)，它所引起的賓語(yǔ)從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式為：would, could, might+ 動(dòng)詞原形。
C．wish用于對(duì)過(guò)去的事實(shí)表示一種不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式為：had+動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞或could, would + have +動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞。
The picture exhibition bored me to death; I wish I had not gone to it.
---“I let Joe borrow our radio for the afternoon.”
---“That’s all right, but I wish he would buy one of his own.”
I wish that he weren’t so lazy.
(2)had hoped引起的賓語(yǔ)從句中備用語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式為would+動(dòng)詞原形，表示一種過(guò)去未實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望或令人失望的事。
His father had hoped that his son would go to business with him, but his son became an artist later.
(3)would (had) rather, would as soon, would sooner和would prefer所引起的從句中要求用過(guò)去式表示當(dāng)時(shí)或?qū)?lái)的情況，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去的情況，表示希望或婉轉(zhuǎn)的責(zé)備。例如：
I’d rather you posted the letter right away. 我倒希望你把這封信立刻寄出去。
I would prefer he didn’t stay there too long.我倒希望他不要在那兒可得太久。
I would just as soon you had returned the book yesterday.我真希望你昨天把這本書(shū)還了。
（4）It’s (high, about) time that 句型中that從句中要求用虛擬語(yǔ)氣形式，即動(dòng)詞要用過(guò)去式。
It’s time that something was done about the traffic problem downtown.
It is high time that we put an end to this discussion.現(xiàn)在是我們?cè)摻Y(jié)束講座的時(shí)候了。
（5）as, 或者whether…or…謂語(yǔ)多用be的原形，引導(dǎo)讓步虛擬從句，這種用法通常采用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)：
Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions, be they Christian, Islamivc, Buddhist, Jewish, and so on.
The business of each day, be it selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly.
（6）由連接詞in case, so that ,unless, lest ,for fear that引起的狀語(yǔ)從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用虛擬形式，即should(might, would)+動(dòng)詞原形，例如：
She put a blanket over the baby for fear that he should catch cold. 她在那個(gè)嬰兒身上蓋上了毯子以免他著涼。
The bad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he injure himself.
(7) if it were not for…與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反， if it had not been for與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反，兩個(gè)都相當(dāng)于but for：
If it had not been for his help(=but for his help),we would not have succeeded.
(8) 虛擬語(yǔ)氣用于as if（though）引起的方式狀語(yǔ)從句和表語(yǔ)從句中，其動(dòng)詞形式與wish賓語(yǔ)從句的形式相同。例如：She often laughs spontaneously, and her good humor breaks out as brightly as if it were a part of the sunshine above.她常常發(fā)出發(fā)自?xún)?nèi)心的微笑，而且她那美好的情緒像天上一道明亮的陽(yáng)光一樣，常常流露出來(lái)。
They talked as if they had been friends for years.他們交談著，就好像他們是我年的老朋友一樣。
She looks as if she would cry.她看起來(lái)好像要哭了。
(9)其它各種句型, as though, suppose, had rather, supposing, if only等等
If I were in a movie, then it would be about time that I buried my head in my hands for a cry.
二、特殊形式的虛擬語(yǔ)氣
虛擬語(yǔ)氣的特殊形式，即用來(lái)表示要求、建議、命令、提議、意愿等的主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬形式，其虛擬語(yǔ)氣的構(gòu)成往往是由should(可省略)+動(dòng)詞原形that從句。
A、 用于表示意愿、建議、命令、提議、請(qǐng)求等動(dòng)詞后的that賓語(yǔ)從句中，這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞有：
ask要求 advise建議 arrange安排 beg請(qǐng)求
command命令 decide決定 demand要求 desire渴望
determine決定 insist堅(jiān)持 intend打算 maintain堅(jiān)持主張
move建議，動(dòng)員 propose提議 object反對(duì) order命令
prefer建議 require 需要 request要求 resolve下決心
recommend推薦 suggest建議 stipulate約定，規(guī)定 urge強(qiáng)調(diào)，促進(jìn)
vote公認(rèn)，提議 decree頒布（法令） pray請(qǐng)求
注意：這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞后面除了可接that虛擬句以外，也可以接doing或者to do…來(lái)表達(dá)，一般情況下，意思沒(méi)有什么差別。
She advised that we should keep the gate locked.（書(shū)面體）
She advised us to keep the gate locked.（口語(yǔ)）
She advised keeping the gate locked.(較隨便)
B、用于It is+形容詞或過(guò)去分詞+主語(yǔ)從句中，這類(lèi)形容詞或分詞有：
advisable合理的 decided決定的 crucial關(guān)鍵的 appropriate恰當(dāng)?shù)?
determined決定的 commanded命令的 arranged安排的 essential緊要的，基本的
complied遵照 anxious焦急的 imperative迫切的 important重要的
desirable合意的 better較好的，更好 insistent堅(jiān)持的 desired想要
asked請(qǐng)求 keen渴望的 incredible難以置信的 adamant堅(jiān)定不移的
natural自然的 insisted堅(jiān)持 necessary必要的 suggested建議
urgent緊迫的 ordered命令 shocked震驚的 vital極其重要的
possible可能的 strange 奇怪的 preferable （好一點(diǎn)） proposed提議
requested要求的 required要求的 recommended推薦 resolved決定的
probable（可能的） pity可惜，憾事 shame遺憾
注意：這類(lèi)形容詞后面除了可接that虛擬句以外，也可以for…to do…
來(lái)表達(dá)，一般情況下，意思沒(méi)有什么差別。
It is essential that he should be prepared for this.
It is essential for him to be prepared for this.
C．用于由表示建議、要求、命令、請(qǐng)示等含義的名詞引導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句中，這類(lèi)名詞常見(jiàn)的有：
advice忠告 decision決定 demand要求 desire要求、愿望
insistence堅(jiān)持 motion提議 necessity必要性 order命令
preference偏愛(ài) proposal提議 pray懇求 recommendation推薦
request要求 requirement要求 resolution決心 suggestion勸告、忠告
例如：
This is their resolution that extra-curriculum activities be made part of their school life.這是他們的決議：要使得課外活動(dòng)成為他們學(xué)校生活的一部分。
The motion that the remark of the last speaker be expunged from the record.該提議要求把最后一個(gè)發(fā)言的人的講話(huà)從記錄上除掉。
三、混合虛擬語(yǔ)氣
有時(shí)主句和從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞指不同的時(shí)間，這時(shí)需要用混合虛擬語(yǔ)氣。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，在這種情況下，主從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞指代的時(shí)間不同，所以我們又可以錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間條件句，在這種虛擬情況，動(dòng)詞形式應(yīng)根據(jù)實(shí)際情況靈活使用，在做這些題目時(shí)候尤其要注意每道題目的提示語(yǔ)：時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。絕大多數(shù)情況下，從句或者主句都有相關(guān)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，這是我解題的關(guān)鍵。
If you that late movie last night, you wouldn’t be so sleepy.
A. haven’t watched B. didn’t watch
C. hadn’t watched D. wouldn’t have watched 答案選C。
Many dead would now be alive if they have not attempted to return for something.
Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he would be our chairman now.
混合虛擬語(yǔ)氣還有一種情況就是事實(shí)和虛擬假設(shè)的混合句，這樣的句子不僅僅是時(shí)間的不同，而重要是事實(shí)和假設(shè)的混合。
I would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible, but I was fully occupied the whole of last week.
該句前半部分是假設(shè)虛擬，而后半部分是事實(shí)的陳述。
Your math instructor would have been happy to give you a make-up examination had you gone and explained that your parents were ill at the time.
該句前半句用的是假設(shè)虛擬，后半句主句也用的是假設(shè)虛擬（如果你去并且解釋的話(huà)），但是后半句的從句用的是事實(shí)語(yǔ)氣，因?yàn)?#8220;父母病了”是客觀事實(shí)，故不需要用虛擬形式had been。
四、含蓄虛擬條件句
含蓄條件句是指句中沒(méi)有明顯的虛擬條件句，而是利用其他手段來(lái)暗示存在虛擬條件。但是這類(lèi)隱含式虛擬條件句往往都可以轉(zhuǎn)化為if引導(dǎo)的條件句。常來(lái)表示含蓄虛擬條件的手段有：
（1）介詞或介詞短語(yǔ)，如but for, but that, without, in case of, under more favorable condition等。
the leadership of the party, we could not be living a happy today.=If there hadn’t been the leadership of the party, we could not be living a happy today.
A. In spite of B. But for C. Because of D. As for 答案選B。
But that she was afraid, she would have said no.
(2)連詞，如：so that, unless, in case, supposing, lest, provided(倘若……)，for fear that(唯恐)，in order that, on condition that, if only(要是……就好了)等。
She listened carefully in order that she might discover exactly what he wanted.=if she listened carefully ,she might discover exactly what he wanted.
If only I had more money, I could buy a car.
(注：lest, for fear that 和 in case 引起的從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞多用should+動(dòng)詞原形，但可以不用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，而用動(dòng)詞的陳述語(yǔ)氣形式。)例如：
The foreign teacher spoke slowly in case we misunderstood him. 這位外籍教師說(shuō)得很慢以免我們聽(tīng)不懂。
Care must be taken in using this method lest overflow should occur.在使用此法時(shí)要小心謹(jǐn)慎，以免會(huì)發(fā)生溢流現(xiàn)象。
（3）通過(guò)上下文及內(nèi)在含義，句中往往有but, otherwise, unfortunately等類(lèi)似轉(zhuǎn)折詞。
I thought the children when we returned home, but they were still awake.
A. were sleeping B. would be sleeping C. had been sleeping D. would sleep選擇 B。
(4)形容詞及其比較級(jí)
A more careful person would not have made so many mistakes.
A less conscientious man wouldn’t have tried so hard to get this job done.
(5)分詞短語(yǔ)
Having known in time, we might have prevented the accident.
Born ten days earlier, the boy could have seen his late father.
(6)動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)。一般intended/meant/hoped/wished/planned 或 was/were+不定式完成式或had intended/meant/planned/hoped/wished/+不定式一般式表示虛擬。
I intended I should call on you, but I was busy at that time.
To hear him speak French, you would take him for an Englishman.
She would be stupid not to accept his invitation.
It would be easier to do it this way.
(7)名詞短語(yǔ)和名詞+and結(jié)構(gòu)
A judicious man would not have committed suicide.
A diligent student would have worked harder.
(8)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)
All things considered, the price would be reasonable.
(9)定語(yǔ)從句
Anyone who had been in your position would have done the same.
A nation, which stopped working, would be dead in a fortnight.
(10）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞完成式暗示虛擬語(yǔ)氣：
I should have called to make an airline reservation, but I didn’t.
The porter ought to have called the fire-brigade as soon as he saw the fire in the stock, which went up in smoke.
(11)動(dòng)詞原形表示虛擬
動(dòng)詞原形直接用在句子中也被看作是一種虛擬，最常見(jiàn)于正式文體中，動(dòng)詞原形一般用在條件從句中，有時(shí)倒裝置于句首，同時(shí)這種用法也常見(jiàn)于獨(dú)立句中表達(dá)愿望。
God bless you!
All magnets behave the same, be they large or small.
She’ll be sixteen years odd, com May.(come May =when May come).
If that be so, we shall take action at once.
強(qiáng)化訓(xùn)練：虛擬語(yǔ)氣
1．Were it not for the snowy weather, we all right.
A. would be B. would have been C. were D. may be
2. more careful, his ship would not have sunk.
A. If the captain were B. Had the captain been
C. Should the captain be D. If the captain would have been
3. If he me tomorrow, I would let him know.
A. should call B. should not have been able
C. were not able D. are not able
4. If you asked your father you permission.
A. may get B. might get C. should have called D. maybe get
5. today, he would get there by Friday.
A. Would he leave B. Was he leaving C. Were he to leave D. If he leaves
6. ______I you, I would go with him to the party.
A. Was B. Had been C. Will be D. Were
7.The millions of calculations involved, had they been done by hand, ______all practical value by the time they were finished.
A. could lose B. would have lost C. might lose D. ought to have lost
8. Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he our chairman now.
A. must have been B. would have been C. were D. would be
9. If you Jerry Brown until recently, you’d think the photograph on the right was strange.
A. shouldn’t contact B. didn’t contact C. weren’t to contact D. hadn’t contacted
10. he English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday
A. In spite of B. But for C. Because of D. As for
11. Look at the terrible situation I am in! If only I your advice
A. follow B. would follow C. had followed D. have followed
12. Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he our chairman now.
A. must have been B. would have been C. were D. hadn’t contacted
13. If the horse won today, it thirty races in five years.
A. would have won B. won C. must have won D. did have won
14. There is a real possibility that these animals could be frightened, _______a sudden loud noise.
A. being there B. should there be C. there was D. there having been
15. The board deemed it urgent that these files right away.
A. had to be printed B. should have been printed
C. must be printed D. should be printed
16. Jean Wagner’s most enduring contribution to the study of Afro-American poetry is his
insistence that it in a religious, as well as worldly, frame of reference.
A. is to be analyzed B. has been analyzed
C. be analyzed D. should have been analyzed
17. I would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible, but I ______
fully occupied the whole of last week.
A. were B. had been C. have been D. was
18. I apologize if I you, but I assure you it was unintentional.
A. offend B. had offended C. should have offended D. might have offended
19. If you hadn’t taken such a long time to get dressed, we’d there by now.
A. be B. circles C. is circling D. be circling
20. The sun rises in the east and sets in the west, so it seems as if the sun ________round the earth.
A. were circling B. circles C. is circling D. be circling
21. I wish that I ______ with you last night.
A. went B. have gone C. could go D. could have gone
22. I wish I with her.
A. would be B. am C. was D. were
23. I wish that I the concert last night.
A. could B. have attended C. could have attended D. attended
24. The picture exhibition bored me to death. I wish I to it.
A. had not gone B. have not gone C. did not go D. can not have gone
25. “I wish you me to put these things away,” he said.
A. will help B. help C. are helping D. would help
26. If the Watergate Incident Nixon would not have resigned from the presidency.
A. did not occur B. had not occurred C. was not occurring D. be circling
27. I hadn’t expected James to apologize but I had hoped .
A. him calling me B. that he would call me C. him to call me D. that he call me
28. George would certainly have attended the proceedings .
A. if he didn’t get a flat tire B. if the flat tire hadn’t happened
C. had he not had a flat tire D. had the tire not flattened itself
29. The teacher suggested that her students experiences with ESP.
A. write a composition on their B. to write composition about the
C. wrote some compositions of his or her D. had written any compositions for his
30. He speaks Chinese as fluently as if he ______a Chinese.
A. were B. had been C. is D. has been
31. As usual, he put on a show as though his trip a great success.
A. had been B. has been C. were D. was
32. Looking round the town, he felt as though he away for ages.
A. has been B. was C. is D. had been
33. John is so strongly built that he looks as if he as elephant.
A. lifts B. is lifting C. lifted D. could lift
34. He described the town as if he it himself.
A. had seen B. has seen C. saw D. sees
35. At that thought he shook himself, as though he from an evil dream.
A. woke B. wakes C. would wake D. had woke
36. Most insurance agents would rather you anything about collecting claims until
they investigate the situation.
A. do B. don’t C. didn’t D. didn’t do
37. Although most adopted persons want the right to know who their natural parents are, some who have found them wish that they the experience of meeting.
A. hadn’t B. didn’t have had C. hadn’t had D. hadn’t have
38. It is important that the TOEFL office your registration.
A. will confirm B. confirm C. confirms D. must confirm
39. Without electronic computers, much of today’s advanced technology .
A. will not have been achieved B. have not been achieved
C. would not have been achieved D. had not been achieved
40. He told her to return the book in time so that others a chance to read it .
A. may have B. will have C. would have D. might have
41. It is time that the government measures to protect the rare birds and animals.
A. takes B. took C. has taken D. taking
42. Some people are too particular about school records, insisting that every applicant ______all diplomas from elementary school to university.
A. has B. will have C. should have D. must have
43. He was very busy yesterday, otherwise he to the meeting.
A. would come B. came C. would have come D. had come
44. I must say he reads very well, and I shouldn’t be surprised if he acting for a living one day.
A. had taken up B. takes up C. have taken up D. would have taken up
45. If I had seen the movie, I you all about it now.
A. would tell B. will tell C. have told D. would have told
46. I hadn’t expected Henry to apologize but I had hoped .
A. him t call me up B. him calling me up
C. that he would call me up D. that he will call me
47. I had hoped that John ______a year in Africa, but he stayed there only for three months.
A. spends B. spent C. would spend D. will spend
48. I had hoped that Jennifer a doctor, but she wasn’t good enough at science.
A. will become B. became C. would become D. becomes
49. I’d rather you anything about it for the time being.
A. do B. didn’t do C. don’t D. didn’t
50. I’d just as soon_______ rudely to her.
A. that you won’t speak B. you not speaking
C. you not speak D. you didn’t speak
51. It’s high time they this road.
A. mend B. mended C. must have mended D. will mend
52. It’s about time people______ notice of what women did during the war.
A. take B. took C. have taken D. will take
53. Everybody has arrived. It’s time we the class.
A. shall start B. would start C. had started D. start
54. the English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday.
A. In spite of B. But for C. Because of D. As for
55. Mary my letter; otherwise she would have replied before now.
A. has received B. ought to have received
C. couldn’t have received D. shouldn’t have received
56. John did not feel well yesterday; otherwise he _______to see his classmates off.
A. came B. would come C. would have come D. should be coming
57. He’s working hard for fear that he .
A. should fall behind B. fell behind C. may fall behind D. would fall behind
58. Without the dreams of the youth, this invention might for a century.
A. have been postponed B. has been postponed
C. postpone D. be postponed
59. In the past men generally preferred that their wives______ in the home.
A. worked B. would work C. work D. were working
60. For a child to give up his less mature idea for a more mature one, it requires that the child
psychologically ready for the new idea.
A. is B. were C. be D. would be
61. Tom’s father, as well as his mother, in New York for a few days more.
A. ask him to stay B. ask he to stay C. asks he stays D. asks he stay
62. Your advice that______ till next week is reasonable.
A. she waits B. she wait C. wait she D. she waited
63. The board deemed it urgent that these files right away.
A. had to be printed B. should have been printed
C. must be printed D. should be printed
64. It was essential that we lease before the end of the month.
A. sing B. singed C. had signed D. were signing
65. It is appropriate that some time ______thorough study of the results of the Apollo mission.
A. devotes to B. devoted to C. is devoted to D. be devoted to
上期答案與詳解
1．A．條件句表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的虛擬。
2．B．條件句表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)的虛擬。
3．A．條件句表示與未來(lái)事實(shí)的虛擬。
4．B．條件句表示與未來(lái)事實(shí)的相反。
5．C．條件句表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)的虛擬。
6．D．條件句表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)的虛擬。
7．B．這個(gè)句子中含有一個(gè)省略if，把助動(dòng)詞提前到主語(yǔ)they之前的虛擬條件句，該條件句表示對(duì)過(guò)去情況的假設(shè)，而主句中by the time they were finished 表明主句也應(yīng)該是對(duì)過(guò)去發(fā)生的情況的假設(shè)，因而應(yīng)該選（B）would have lost為正確答案。
8．（D）這道題目是一個(gè)混合虛擬語(yǔ)氣的句子。條件句省略了if，把助詞had提前到主語(yǔ)前面，表示對(duì)過(guò)去情況的假設(shè)，而主句中now表明了對(duì)現(xiàn)在情況的假設(shè)，所以應(yīng)選would(should, could, might)+動(dòng)詞原形這種表達(dá)形式。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中只有（D）是正確表達(dá)形式，故為正確答案。
9．（D）until recently，因此（D）是正確答案，而主句是隱含的對(duì)現(xiàn)在情況的假設(shè)，該句是一個(gè)混合虛擬條件句。
10．（B）假設(shè)的情況有時(shí)不是用一個(gè)條件句表示，而是隱含在一個(gè)由介詞如but for、but that、without, 由連詞but、副詞otherwise 、比較級(jí)、形容詞、獨(dú)立主格等表示的上下文中。本句主句表示對(duì)過(guò)去情況的假設(shè)，但事實(shí)上由于英語(yǔ)考試而沒(méi)有去成，即若不是因?yàn)橛⒄Z(yǔ)考試，我本可以去聽(tīng)音樂(lè)會(huì)，所以應(yīng)選But for為正確答案。
11．（C）題目中的第一句話(huà)表示的是現(xiàn)在真實(shí)的情況，而第二句話(huà)中所要表達(dá)的是應(yīng)該做但事實(shí)上沒(méi)有做的事，這種情況導(dǎo)致第一句話(huà)中真實(shí)情況的發(fā)生，故If only條件句假設(shè)的是過(guò)去一種情況，因此應(yīng)該用had +過(guò)去分詞，所以正確答案是（C）。
12．D．注意主句now表示現(xiàn)在的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，所以主句是對(duì)現(xiàn)在虛擬，從句是對(duì)過(guò)去虛擬。
13．A．從句對(duì)過(guò)去的虛擬。
14．B．從句表示虛擬，而主句是事實(shí)。
15．（D）it是形式賓語(yǔ)，urgent是賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，that引導(dǎo)的從句是真正的賓語(yǔ)從句，該從句的內(nèi)容被認(rèn)為是urgent（急迫的），這樣從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要求用虛擬語(yǔ)氣形式，即should（可以省略）+動(dòng)詞原形。因此，本題正確答案是（D）。
16．（C）在表示要求、愿望、建議、請(qǐng)求、命令等含義的名詞同位語(yǔ)從句中，從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣形式，即should(可以省略)+動(dòng)詞原形。
17．（D）本道題目的前半句話(huà)是對(duì)過(guò)去情況的一種假設(shè)，但事實(shí)上并沒(méi)有發(fā)生，而事實(shí)上沒(méi)有發(fā)生的真實(shí)原因是句子的后半部分由but引導(dǎo)的轉(zhuǎn)折句所表述的真實(shí)。因而but所引導(dǎo)的句子中應(yīng)該用表示志過(guò)去事實(shí)相符合的表陳述的時(shí)態(tài)，即一般過(guò)去時(shí)。
18．（B）此題要求在if從句中選擇適當(dāng)?shù)膭?dòng)詞形式，以主句中的動(dòng)詞apologize(抱歉)來(lái)看，if從句中表達(dá)的內(nèi)容應(yīng)該是過(guò)去做的事，因此可以排除（A），因?yàn)椋ˋ）是現(xiàn)在時(shí)。（C）中should+have+過(guò)去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)表示本來(lái)應(yīng)該做卻沒(méi)有做的事，在此不合題意。（D）選項(xiàng)中的might+have+過(guò)去分詞表示對(duì)過(guò)去發(fā)生的事情很不肯定的猜測(cè)，它表達(dá)的內(nèi)容還不能成為事實(shí)，所以藉此道歉真是不知從何說(shuō)起，因此此處也不合題意。（B）had offended表示當(dāng)時(shí)已經(jīng)發(fā)生了的動(dòng)作。這是復(fù)雜條件句：apologize 是現(xiàn)在，而條件句是表示對(duì)過(guò)去假設(shè)的條件句。
19．（A）該句也是一個(gè)復(fù)雜條件句（或稱(chēng)作混合虛擬條件句）。條件句表示對(duì)過(guò)去情況的假設(shè)，而主句表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在情況的假設(shè)，但事實(shí)上卻與此相反，所以正確答案應(yīng)該是（A）。
20．（A）as if引導(dǎo)的從句要求用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，表示同時(shí)或?qū)?lái)的情況，動(dòng)詞要用過(guò)去式（be動(dòng)詞用were）或would(could等)+動(dòng)詞原形，本句話(huà)中指的是當(dāng)時(shí)的情況，所以要用過(guò)去式，故（A）是正確答案。
21．D．
22．D．
23．C．
24．A．
25．D．
26．（B）had not occurred表示對(duì)過(guò)去的虛擬，條件句中要用過(guò)去完成式，主句中要用should(would, could, might)+動(dòng)詞原形的過(guò)去分詞。
27．（B）had hoped是常見(jiàn)的要求其后的賓語(yǔ)從句用虛擬語(yǔ)氣的句型,虛擬語(yǔ)氣would+動(dòng)詞原形。
28．（C）表示對(duì)過(guò)去情況的假設(shè)，主句動(dòng)詞形式為would(should, could, might)+have+過(guò)去分詞，條件句為過(guò)去完成式，if可以省略，但要把had提前主語(yǔ)前面。（B），（D）的表達(dá)不符合英語(yǔ)表達(dá)習(xí)慣，所以（C）是正確答案。
29．（A）suggest后面的從句要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣形式，其形式為should（可以省略）+動(dòng)詞原形。
30．A．表示與現(xiàn)在相反的虛擬。
31．A．a(chǎn)s though引導(dǎo)的與過(guò)去相反的虛擬。
32．D．felt是過(guò)去式，所以該句是由as though引導(dǎo)的與過(guò)去相反的虛擬。
33．D．a(chǎn)s if引導(dǎo)的與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的虛擬。
34．A．a(chǎn)s if引導(dǎo)的與過(guò)去相反的虛擬。
35．C．
36．（D）would rather后接從句要求用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，形式為過(guò)去式，表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)的假設(shè)，或?yàn)檫^(guò)去完成式表示對(duì)過(guò)去的情況的假設(shè)。
37．（C）who引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句中的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示動(dòng)作業(yè)已發(fā)生，所以主句中表示的虛擬是針對(duì)已經(jīng)發(fā)生了的行為，所以應(yīng)該用過(guò)去完成式表示對(duì)過(guò)去的虛擬。
38．（B）
39．（C）這是一人含蓄虛擬條件句，通過(guò)介詞短語(yǔ)without,表示潛在的一種假設(shè)，而主句中的情況也早已經(jīng)發(fā)生，所以是對(duì)過(guò)去情況的一種假設(shè)，因此用would not have been achieved這一形式。
40．（D）連so that引導(dǎo)的從句中要求用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，表示一種假設(shè)，形式為might+動(dòng)詞原形。
41．（B）It is time that是一種要求從句用虛擬語(yǔ)氣的常見(jiàn)句型。虛擬語(yǔ)氣形式為動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式。
42．（C）
43．（C）otherwise用來(lái)表示一種含蓄的虛擬假設(shè)，因?yàn)槭菍?duì)過(guò)去(yesterday)的情況的假設(shè)，所以應(yīng)該用would have come形式。
44．（B）所給的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中沒(méi)有一個(gè)表示對(duì)未來(lái)的情況的虛擬的形式should+動(dòng)詞原形，或是were to do，因此可以斷定if引導(dǎo)的條件句在這里最真實(shí)的條件句，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示一般將來(lái)時(shí)，故（B）是正確答案。
45．（A）這是一個(gè)混合虛擬語(yǔ)氣的句子，if條件句表示的是對(duì)過(guò)去情況的假設(shè)，而主句是對(duì)現(xiàn)在（now）的情況的假設(shè)，故用would tell形式。
46．C．
47．C．
48．C．
49．B．would rather引導(dǎo)的虛擬語(yǔ)氣其謂語(yǔ)用過(guò)去式。
50．D．would as soon引導(dǎo)的虛擬語(yǔ)氣，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也用過(guò)去式.
51．B．
52．B．
53．B．
54．B．
55．C．注意單詞otherwise引導(dǎo)虛擬語(yǔ)氣。
56．C．同上。
57．A．注意詞組for fear that
58．A．注意without
59．C．
60．C．
61．D．
62．B．
63．D．
64．A．
65．D．
非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞主要包括不定式、動(dòng)名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞。為了區(qū)分這三種不同的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的用法和含義，我們將分別從三種非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在句子中做主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、
表語(yǔ)以及一些特殊結(jié)構(gòu)句型等角度來(lái)區(qū)分其用法和細(xì)微含義。
1．不定式和動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)的區(qū)別
(1)動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)通常表示抽象動(dòng)作；而不定式作主語(yǔ)表示具體動(dòng)作。
Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here．這里禁止抽煙。(抽象)
It is not very good for you to smoke so much．你抽這么多煙對(duì)你身體很不好。(具體)
(2)動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，通常用以表示一件已知的事或經(jīng)驗(yàn)。
不定式短語(yǔ)通常用來(lái)表示一件未完成的事或目的。
Climbing mountains is interesting．爬山很有趣。(經(jīng)驗(yàn))
Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring．在高峰時(shí)刻開(kāi)車(chē)令人厭煩。(經(jīng)驗(yàn))
（3）不定式做主語(yǔ)，一般用it當(dāng)形式主語(yǔ)，把作主語(yǔ)的不定式短語(yǔ)后置。
It took me only five minutes to finish the job.
2．不定式、動(dòng)名詞和分詞作表語(yǔ)的區(qū)別
(1)不定式作表語(yǔ)
1)不定式作表語(yǔ)一般表示具體動(dòng)作，特別是表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作。
To do two things at a time is to do neither．--次做兩件事等于未做。
What I would suggest is to start work at once.我的建議是立刻開(kāi)始干。
2）如果主語(yǔ)是不定式（表示條件），表語(yǔ)也是不定式（表示結(jié)果）。
To see is to believe.百聞不如一見(jiàn)。
To work means to earn a living．工作就是為了生活。
3)如果主語(yǔ)是以aim，duty，hope，idea，happiness，job，plan，problem，purpose，thing，wish等為中心的名詞，或以what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句，不定式作表語(yǔ)是對(duì)主語(yǔ)起補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明作用。
His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future．他的希望是在不遠(yuǎn)的將來(lái)買(mǎi)一輛豪華轎車(chē)。
The function of Louis Sullivan’s architecture was to provide large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior.
The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the future of the plant．
(2)動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)：動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)，表示抽象的一般性的行為。
Our work is serving the people．我們的工作是為人民服務(wù)。
His hobby is collecting stamps．他的愛(ài)好是集郵。
(注)動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí)與進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)中的現(xiàn)在分詞形式相同，但其所屬結(jié)構(gòu)迥異，進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)說(shuō)明動(dòng)作是由主語(yǔ)完成的。動(dòng)名詞做表語(yǔ)，說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)或情況。
People cannot but feel puzzled，for they simply cannot understand how he could have made such a stupid mistake.
His victory in the final was no more convincing than I had expected．
(3)分詞作表語(yǔ)
分詞做表語(yǔ)有兩種情況，一種是現(xiàn)在分詞做表語(yǔ)，一種是過(guò)去分詞做表語(yǔ)，這兩者區(qū)別是考試中經(jīng)常考到的地方。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，表示心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞如excite，interest等都是及物動(dòng)詞，漢語(yǔ)意思不是“激動(dòng)”，“高興”，而是“使激動(dòng)”、“使高興”，因而現(xiàn)在分詞應(yīng)該是“令人激動(dòng)的”、“令人高興的”，過(guò)去分詞則是“感到激動(dòng)的”和“感到高興的”。所以，凡表示“令人……的”都是-ing形式，凡是表示“感到……”都用-ed形式。換句話(huà)說(shuō)，若人對(duì)……感興趣，就是somebody is interested in...,若人/物本身有興趣時(shí)，就是說(shuō)sb./sth. is interesting.這類(lèi)詞常見(jiàn)的有：
interesting使人感到高興--interested感到高興的
exciting令人激動(dòng)的--excited感到激動(dòng)的
delighting令人高興的--delighted感到高興的
disappointing令人失望的--disappointed感到失望的
encouraging令人鼓舞的--encouraged感到鼓舞的
pleasing令人愉快的--pleased感到愉快的
puzzling令人費(fèi)解的--puzzled感到費(fèi)解的
satisfying令人滿(mǎn)意的---satisfied感到滿(mǎn)意的
surprising令人驚異的--surprised感到驚異的
worrying令人擔(dān)心的--worried感到擔(dān)心的
Travelling is interesting but tiring．旅行是有趣的，但是使人疲勞。
The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much．如果要學(xué)生學(xué)得太多，他們會(huì)感到糊涂的。
The argument is very convincing．他的論點(diǎn)很令人信服。
They were very excited at the news．聽(tīng)到這個(gè)消息，他們非常激動(dòng)。
3．不定式和動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)的區(qū)別
英語(yǔ)中大多數(shù)動(dòng)詞既可跟不定式，也可跟動(dòng)名詞作直接賓語(yǔ)，但有些動(dòng)詞要求：
(1)不定式做賓語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)
1)下面的動(dòng)詞要求不定式做賓語(yǔ)
attempt企圖 enable能夠 neglect忽視
afford負(fù)擔(dān)得起 demand要求 long渴望
arrange安排 destine注定 mean意欲，打算
begin開(kāi)始 expect期望 omit忽略，漏
appear似乎，顯得 determine決定 manage設(shè)法
cease停止 hate憎恨，厭惡 pretend假裝
ask問(wèn) dread害怕 need需要
agree同意 desire愿望 love愛(ài)
swear宣誓 volunteer志愿 wish希望
bear承受 endeavor努力 offer提供
beg請(qǐng)求 fail不能 plan計(jì)劃
bother擾亂；煩惱 forget忘記 prefer喜歡，寧愿
care關(guān)心，喜歡 happen碰巧 prepare準(zhǔn)備
decide決定 learn學(xué)習(xí) regret抱歉，遺憾
choose選擇 hesitate猶豫 profess表明
claim要求 hope希望 promise承諾，允許
start開(kāi)始 undertake承接 want想要
consent同意，贊同 intend想要 refuse拒絕
decide決定 learn學(xué)習(xí) vow起
contrive設(shè)法，圖謀 incline有…傾向 propose提議
seek找，尋覓 try試圖
2)下面的動(dòng)詞要求不定式做賓補(bǔ)：動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞不定式
ask要求，邀請(qǐng) get請(qǐng)，得到 prompt促使
allow允許 forbid禁止 prefer喜歡，寧愿
announce宣布 force強(qiáng)迫 press迫使
bride 收買(mǎi) inspire鼓舞 request請(qǐng)求
assist協(xié)助 hate憎惡 pronounce斷定，表示
advise勸告 exhort告誡，勉勵(lì) pray請(qǐng)求
authorize授權(quán)，委托 help幫助 recommend勸告，推薦
bear容忍 implore懇求 remind提醒
beg請(qǐng)求 induce引誘 report報(bào)告
compel強(qiáng)迫 invite吸引，邀請(qǐng)， summon傳喚
command命令 intend想要，企圖 show 顯示
drive驅(qū)趕 mean意欲，打算 train訓(xùn)練
cause引起 instruct指示 require要求
deserve應(yīng)受 leave使，讓 tell告訴
direct指導(dǎo) like喜歡 tempt勸誘
entitle有資格 order命令 warn告誡
enable使能夠 need需要 urge激勵(lì)，力說(shuō)
encourage鼓勵(lì) oblige不得不 want想要
condemn指責(zé)，譴責(zé) lead引起，使得 teach教
entreat懇求 permit允許 wish希望
(2)有少數(shù)動(dòng)詞只能用動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)
acknowledge承認(rèn)，自認(rèn) cease 停止 mention說(shuō)到，講到
admit 承認(rèn) tolerate忍受 dislike不喜歡，討厭
advocate：提倡，主張 complete完成 dread可怕
appreciate 感激，欣賞 confess坦白 endure忍受
avoid避免 contemplate細(xì)想 enjoy享有，喜愛(ài)
bear忍受 defer拖延 envy嫉妒
can’t help不禁 delay延遲 escape逃跑，逃避
can’t stand受不了 deny否認(rèn) excuse借口
consider 考慮 detest嫌惡 fancy幻想，愛(ài)好
favor 造成，偏愛(ài) mind 介意 repent悔悟
figure描繪，計(jì)算 miss錯(cuò)過(guò) resent怨恨
finish完成，結(jié)束不得 pardon原諒，饒恕 resist抵抗，阻止
forgive原諒 permit 允許 resume恢復(fù)
imagine設(shè)想 postpone延遲，延期 risk冒險(xiǎn)
involve卷入，包含 practise 實(shí)行，實(shí)踐 suggest建議
hate討厭 prevent阻止 save營(yíng)救，儲(chǔ)蓄
keep保持 quit放棄停止 stand堅(jiān)持，忍受
loathe非常討厭，厭惡 recall回想
例如：I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.我很感激兩年前給我出國(guó)學(xué)習(xí)的機(jī)會(huì)。
(3)有些動(dòng)詞后使用動(dòng)名詞和動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)的差別
1）forget to do 忘記要去做某事（此事未做）
forget doing忘記做過(guò)某事（此事已做過(guò)或已發(fā)生）
2）stop to do 停止、中斷（某件事），目的是去做另一件事
stop doing 停止正在或經(jīng)常做的事
3）remember to do 記住去做某事（未做）
remember doing記得做過(guò)某事(已做)
4) regret to do對(duì)要做的事遺憾
regret doing對(duì)做過(guò)的事遺憾、后悔
5）try to do努力、企圖做某事
try doing試驗(yàn)、試一試某種辦法
6) mean to do打算，有意要…
mean doing意味著
7）go on to do 繼而（去做另外一件事情）
go on doing 繼續(xù)（原先沒(méi)有做完的事情）
8）propose to do 打算（要做某事）
proposing doing建議（做某事）
9) like /love/hate/ prefer +to do 表示具體行為；+doing sth 表示抽象、傾向概念
（注)如果這些動(dòng)詞前有should一詞，其后賓語(yǔ)只跟不定式，不能跟動(dòng)名詞。例如：
I should like to see him tomorrow．
10) need, want, deserve +動(dòng)名詞表被動(dòng)意義；+不定式被動(dòng)態(tài)表示“要(修、清理等)”意思。
Don’t you remember seeing the man before?你不記得以前見(jiàn)過(guò)那個(gè)人嗎?
You must remember to leave tomorrow．你可要記著是明天動(dòng)身。
I don’t regret telling her what I thought．我不后悔給她講過(guò)我的想法。(已講過(guò))
I regret to have to do this，but I have no choice．我很遺憾必須這樣去做，我實(shí)在沒(méi)辦法。(未做但要做)
You must try to be more careful．你可要多加小心。
Let’s try doing the work some other way．讓我們?cè)囈辉囉昧硗庖环N辦法來(lái)做這工作。
I didn’t mean to hurt your feeling．我沒(méi)想要傷害你的感情。
This illness will mean(your)going to hospital．得了這種病(你)就要進(jìn)醫(yī)院。
4．不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)的區(qū)別
(1）不定式作定語(yǔ)
1)不定式與其所修飾的名詞可能是主謂關(guān)系
He was the last one to leave school yesterday．昨天他是最后一個(gè)離開(kāi)教室的。
The train to arrive was from London．將要到站的火車(chē)是從倫敦開(kāi)來(lái)的。
2)不定式與其所修飾的名詞可能是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系
Get him something to eat．給他拿點(diǎn)兒東西吃。
She has a lot of work to do in the morning．早上他有很多工作要做。
3)不及物動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成的不定式做定語(yǔ)，要加上適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~和被修飾的名詞形成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，這里的介詞不能省去。
I need a pen to write with．我需要一支筆寫(xiě)字。
There is nothing to worry about．沒(méi)有什么值得發(fā)愁的。
4)不定式修飾一些表示方向、原因、時(shí)間、機(jī)會(huì)、權(quán)利等抽象名詞如：
ability能力，本領(lǐng) drive趕，駕駛 movement運(yùn)動(dòng)，活動(dòng)
ambition抱負(fù)，野心 effort努力，嘗試 need需要，需求
campaign戰(zhàn)役，運(yùn)動(dòng) failure失敗，不及格 opportunity機(jī)會(huì)
chance機(jī)會(huì) force力，壓力，要點(diǎn) promise許諾，希望
courage勇氣 intention意向，意圖 reason理由，原因
decision決定 method方法，方式 light光，光線(xiàn)，亮光
determination決心，決定 motive動(dòng)機(jī)，目的 struggle奮斗，努力，
tendency傾向，趨勢(shì) wish希望，愿望，祝愿
5）被修飾的名詞前有序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)或next， second, last, only和not a，the等限定詞時(shí)候，只能用不定式。
6）不定代詞something, nothing, little, much, a lot 等習(xí)慣上用不定式做定語(yǔ)。
John will do anything but work on a farm．除了農(nóng)活，約翰什么都愿意干。
7）如果其動(dòng)詞要求用不定式做賓語(yǔ)，或者其形容詞要器接不定式做補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，則相應(yīng)的名詞一般用不定式做定語(yǔ)。如： tend to do---tendency to do；decide to do = decision to do；be curious to do = curiosity to do
His wish to buy a car came true．他要買(mǎi)輛車(chē)的愿望實(shí)現(xiàn)了。
Their decision to give up the experiment surprised us．
他們放棄這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)的決定使我們大吃一驚。
He is always the first to come and the last to leave．
他總是第一個(gè)到來(lái)，最后一個(gè)離去。
(2)分詞作定語(yǔ)
分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)有下面幾個(gè)特點(diǎn)：
1)現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)意義，過(guò)去分詞一般表示被動(dòng)含意。
2)現(xiàn)在分詞表示正在進(jìn)行，過(guò)去分詞表示狀態(tài)或做完(完成)的事。
He rushed into the burning house．他沖進(jìn)了正在燃燒著的房子。
The child standing over there is my brother．站在那兒的男孩子是我弟弟。
The room facing south is our classroom．朝南的房間是我們的教室。
Have you got your watch repaired? 你拿到那個(gè)修好的表了嗎?
He is an advanced teacher．他是個(gè)先進(jìn)教師。
3）下列不及物動(dòng)詞也以過(guò)去分詞形式做定語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)，但不具有被動(dòng)意義，這點(diǎn)要注意：
departed, elapsed, faded, fallen, gone, frown-up, retired, returned, risen, set, vanished, much-traveled, newly-arrived, recently-come
(3)不定式和分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)的時(shí)間關(guān)系
一般來(lái)說(shuō)，不定式所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之后；現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生；過(guò)去分詞表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前。例如：
Do you want to see the doctor to be sent for from Beijing?
你要見(jiàn)那位將從北京請(qǐng)來(lái)的醫(yī)生嗎？
Do you want to see the doctor working on the case report in the office?
你要見(jiàn)那位正在辦公室里寫(xiě)病歷的醫(yī)生嗎？
5．不定式和分詞作狀語(yǔ)的區(qū)別
（1）現(xiàn)在分詞與過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)的區(qū)別。
現(xiàn)在分詞做狀語(yǔ)與過(guò)去分詞做狀語(yǔ)的最主要區(qū)別在于兩者與所修飾的主語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)與被動(dòng)關(guān)系的區(qū)別。
1）現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，現(xiàn)在分詞的動(dòng)作就是句子主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作，它們之間的關(guān)系是主動(dòng)關(guān)系。
He went out shutting the door behind him.
他出去后將門(mén)隨手關(guān)上。
Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help.
由于不知如何辦是好，他去找父母幫忙。
2）過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，過(guò)去分詞表示的動(dòng)作是句子主語(yǔ)承受的動(dòng)作，它們之間的關(guān)系是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。
Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.
如果對(duì)這些樹(shù)多關(guān)心一些，它們本來(lái)會(huì)長(zhǎng)得更好。
Faced with difficulties, we must try to overcome them.
在遇到困難的時(shí)候，我們必須設(shè)法克服。
(2)動(dòng)詞不定式和分詞作狀語(yǔ)的區(qū)別
1)分詞作狀語(yǔ)一般表示伴隨，而不定式常常表示目的。
They stood by the roadside talking about the plan．他們站在路邊談?wù)撝@個(gè)計(jì)劃。(伴隨)
They stood by the roadside to talk about the plan．他們站在路邊為的是談?wù)撨@個(gè)計(jì)劃。(目的)
2)分詞作狀語(yǔ)放在句子開(kāi)頭，除表示原因之外有時(shí)表示時(shí)間或條件。動(dòng)詞不定式作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，除了表示目的以外，還表示結(jié)果或原因。
Reading attentively，he forgot the time for lunch．由于在專(zhuān)心讀書(shū)，他忘了吃午飯的時(shí)間。(原因)
Reading carefully，he found something he had not known before．他仔細(xì)讀書(shū)時(shí)，發(fā)現(xiàn)了一些從前不知道的東西。(時(shí)間)
Reading carefully，you"ll learn something new．只要你仔細(xì)閱讀，你會(huì)學(xué)到一些新的東西。(條件)
His family was too poor to support him．他的家庭太窮，不能維持他的生活。(結(jié)果)
The boy is not tall enough to reach the book shelf．這男孩個(gè)子不夠高，手伸不到書(shū)架。(結(jié)果)
We are glad to hear the news．我們很高興聽(tīng)到這消息。(原因)
（3）下面一些句型是不定式做狀語(yǔ)時(shí)候應(yīng)該注意的：
a：not/never too…to, too…not to , but/only too… to, too ready/eager/apt/inclined to 表示肯定意義
b：做結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)的不定式只能出現(xiàn)在句子的末尾，常見(jiàn)的不定式動(dòng)詞有：find, hear, see, be told, form, give, make, produce 等。
c：不定式做狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，其邏輯主語(yǔ)一般為句子的主語(yǔ)，否則用for引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)。
6．非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞?？嫉钠渌Y(jié)構(gòu)
（1)疑問(wèn)詞+不定式結(jié)構(gòu)
疑問(wèn)詞who，what，which，when，where和how后加不定式可構(gòu)成一種特殊的不定式短語(yǔ)。它在句中可以用作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和雙重賓語(yǔ)。如：
When to start has not been decided．何時(shí)動(dòng)身尚未決定。(主語(yǔ))
I don’t know what to do．我不知道該怎么辦。(賓語(yǔ))
The difficulty was how to cross the river．困難在于如何過(guò)河。(表語(yǔ))
I can tell you where to get this book.我可以告訴你哪里可以買(mǎi)到此書(shū)。（雙重賓語(yǔ)）
（注）A.有時(shí)疑問(wèn)詞前可用介詞，如：
I have no idea of how to do it.我不知道如何做此事。
B.動(dòng)詞know 后面不能直接跟不定式作賓語(yǔ)，只能跟疑問(wèn)詞（如：how, what）+不定式：
While still a young boy, Tom knew to play the piano well and as he grew older, he wrote operas, the most famous of which is Carmen.
(2)介詞except和but作“只有…，只能…”講時(shí)跟不定式結(jié)構(gòu)（but與不帶to的不定式連用）。
When the streets are full of melting snow, you cannot help but getting your shoes wet.
(3)不帶to的不定式
1）在表示生理感覺(jué)的動(dòng)詞后的不定式不帶to。這類(lèi)詞有：
feel 覺(jué)得 observe 注意到，看到 overhear聽(tīng)到
watch注視 listen to聽(tīng) perceive察覺(jué)，感知
notice注意 see看見(jiàn) look at看 hear聽(tīng)
On seeing the young child fell into the lake，Eric sprang to his feet，and went on the rescue.
2)另一類(lèi)是某些使役動(dòng)詞，如make, let，have等。如：
Let him do it.讓他做吧。
I would have you know that I am ill．我想要你知道我病了。
(注)：
①上述感覺(jué)動(dòng)詞與使役動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換為被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)．其后的不定式一般需帶to，如：
He was seen to come．
The boy was made to go to bed early.
②在動(dòng)詞find與help之后，不定式可帶to亦可不帶to，如:
He was surprised to find the sheep (to) break fence at this season．他發(fā)現(xiàn)羊在此季節(jié)越出柵欄，感到驚訝。
3)在do nothing／anything／everything but(except)結(jié)構(gòu)中。例如：
Last night I did nothing but watch TV．昨天晚上，我除了看電視別的什么也沒(méi)有干。
但是，如果謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不是“do nothing，anything，everything”，那么but(except)所跟的不定式則仍須帶。
The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking．醫(yī)生除了讓他戒煙，其它什么都沒(méi)有說(shuō)。
There was nothing for them to do but to remain silent．除了保持沉默以外，他們沒(méi)有別有別的辦法。
（4）不定式與動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)和分詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)
1)不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)為：for +名詞(或代詞賓格)+ 不定式。例如：
I found it impossible for him to do the job alone．我發(fā)現(xiàn)他—個(gè)人干這活是不可能的。
(注)在表示人物性格、特性等的形容詞后面，常用of引出不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)。例如：
It was wise of him to do that．他那樣做是明智的。
2)動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)為；①人稱(chēng)代詞的所有格+動(dòng)名詞；②名詞’s+動(dòng)名詞。例如：
Tom insisted on my going with them．他堅(jiān)持要我和他們一起去。
He dislikes his wife’s working late．他不喜歡他妻子工作得很晚。
3)某些形容詞，如：careless等不定式后可以加of來(lái)引導(dǎo)出其邏輯主語(yǔ)。這類(lèi)詞主要有：absurd, bold, brave, courageous, careful, careless, clever, wise, foolish, silly, stupid, good, nice, kind thoughtful, considerate, greedy, generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel ,selfish, wicked, wrong等
It is very kind of you to help me．你幫助我太好了。
間或也可用for + there to be表示（而且there后面的不定式只能是to be）。
It’s a great pity for there to be much trouble in the company.太遺憾了公司里有這么多的麻煩。
7．非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞中的有關(guān)句型
（1）動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)的句型
1）Doing...+ v. Reading is an art.閱讀是門(mén)藝術(shù)。Seeing is believing.眼見(jiàn)為實(shí)。
2) It is + no use, no good (fun, a great pleasure, a waste of time, a bore...)等名詞+doing sth.
It is no use crying.哭沒(méi)有用。It is no good objecting.反對(duì)也沒(méi)有用。
It is a great fun playing football．打籃球很有趣。
It is a waste of time trying to explain．設(shè)法解釋是浪費(fèi)時(shí)間。
3)It is + useless (nice, good，interesting, expensive等形容詞)+ doing sth．
It is useless speaking.光說(shuō)沒(méi)用。
It is nice seeing you again．真高興又遇到了你。
It is good Playing chess after supper．晚飯后弈棋挺好。
It is expensive running this car．開(kāi)這種小車(chē)是浪費(fèi)。
4)There is no + doing.．.(there is no 表“不可能”)
There is no telling what he is going to do．說(shuō)出他要干什么是不可能的。
There is no saying what may happen.說(shuō)出將要發(fā)生什么是不可能的。
5)There is no use (good/point/sense/harm)+doing sth.做某事沒(méi)用(不好/意義/重要性)
There is no use crying over spilt milk．牛奶灑了，哭也無(wú)用。
6)have difficulty /trouble/problem + (in)+doing
have作有解時(shí)，后接情感名詞(in可省略)，再接動(dòng)名詞。這類(lèi)詞還有trouble, fun, a hard time, a good time.
例如：We had difficulty (in) carrying out the plan．我們執(zhí)行計(jì)劃有困難。
7)feel like + 名詞 感覺(jué)像動(dòng)名詞 “ 想要” =would like to +原形動(dòng)詞
I feel like a newborn baby．我感覺(jué)像一個(gè)新生的嬰兒。
Do you feel like going to a movie?你想看電影嗎?
I don"t feel like studying tonight．今晚我不想讀書(shū)。
8) spend/waste time doing sth.
They spent a lot time (in) making preparations．他們花了許多時(shí)間作準(zhǔn)備。
9)在require后只能用動(dòng)名詞，不能用不定式，盡管表示被動(dòng)的意思也要用動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式。
This problem requires studying with great care．這個(gè)問(wèn)題需要仔細(xì)研究。
10）cannot help doing sth.忍不?。ㄗ鍪裁矗?
I cannot help laughing, once I see john in that big trouser.
(2)有關(guān)分詞句型
1)在表示感覺(jué)和心里狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞see，hear，feel，smell，listen(to)，notice，observe，smell，watch這類(lèi)表示感覺(jué)的動(dòng)詞之后常跟“賓語(yǔ)+現(xiàn)在分詞”的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，這種動(dòng)詞與分詞之間的賓語(yǔ)可以是普通名詞或?qū)Ｓ忻~(人各等)，也可以是代詞賓格(him，us等)。例如：
She smelt something burning and saw smoke rising．她聞到有東西在燃燒并看到有煙升起來(lái)了。
I watched them rehearsing the play．我看他們排演戲。
I could feel the wind blowing on my face．我能感覺(jué)到風(fēng)在我臉上吹過(guò)。
2)表示“致使”等意義的動(dòng)詞，如：catch，find，leave，give，have，get，set后也可跟上述(1)的結(jié)構(gòu)，有時(shí)也可跟過(guò)去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：
I caught them stealing my apples．我抓住他們偷我的蘋(píng)果。
If she catches me reading her diary，she"ll be furious.如果她抓住我偷看她的日記，她會(huì)憤怒的。
We found him waiting to receive us．我們發(fā)現(xiàn)他正等著接待我們。
3)go +現(xiàn)在分詞表示“從事…”之意，這時(shí)現(xiàn)在分詞做主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。go之后所接現(xiàn)在分詞均表示短暫而又愉快的戶(hù)外活動(dòng)。如：jogging慢跑，fishing釣魚(yú)，dancing跳舞，skating溜冰，bowling打保齡球，shopping 購(gòu)物，sightseeing游覽，camping露營(yíng)。
I’ll go camping tomorrow．我明天去露營(yíng)。
I’ll go shopping．我去商店。
Would you like to go skating with me?你想和我去溜冰嗎?
4)be busy + v-ing(現(xiàn)在分詞)忙著做…
I am busy writing my thesis．我正忙著寫(xiě)論文。
His assistant is busy(in) correcting papers．他的助教忙于批閱考卷。
或者be busy with + n.忙著做某事。
He is busy with his work．他忙著工作。
5)What do you say to + ing分詞?(……怎么樣?)
What do you say to joining us for dinner?和我們一起進(jìn)餐，你看怎么樣?
（3）有關(guān)動(dòng)詞不定式句型
下面這些詞組是不定式的習(xí)慣用法，只能用不定式形式。
can not help but do, can not but do, cannot choose but do, can do nothing but do, have no choice/alternative to do
When I consider how talented he is as a painter, I cannot help but believe that the public will appreciate his gift.
(4)there be的非謂語(yǔ)形式
there be非謂語(yǔ)形式可在句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)。(其中作賓語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)在1991年和1994年測(cè)試過(guò)，定語(yǔ)見(jiàn)1996年題10。)
The students expected there to be more reviewing classes before the final exams．(作賓語(yǔ)如1991年題30)
1)作動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，通常用there to be結(jié)構(gòu)，而不用there being。能這樣用的及物動(dòng)詞為：expect，like，mean，intend，want，prefer，hate等，如：
We don"t want there to be any comrades lagging behind，我們不希望有任何同志掉隊(duì)。
They hate there to be long queues everywhere.他們不愿意處處都要排長(zhǎng)隊(duì)。
We have no objection to there being a meeting here．我們并不反對(duì)在這里開(kāi)會(huì)。
It isn"t enough for there to be a frost tonight，so I can leave Jim"s car out quite safely．(作狀語(yǔ))
2)作狀語(yǔ)多用there being結(jié)構(gòu)，但若置于介詞之后，for用there to be整個(gè)介詞短語(yǔ)作程度狀語(yǔ)，其它多半用there being。
There being nobody else at hand, I had to do by myself．由于附近沒(méi)有人，我只得獨(dú)自干了。(原因狀語(yǔ))
It’s too early for there to be anybody up．太早了，還不會(huì)有人起床。(作程度狀語(yǔ))
There having been no rain for a long time，the ground was very dry．因?yàn)楹瞄L(zhǎng)時(shí)間沒(méi)下雨了，地面非常干燥。(原因狀語(yǔ))
3)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)兩種結(jié)構(gòu)都可以，但如是用for引導(dǎo)則要用there to be。
It is not uncommon for there to be problems of communication between old and young．老人與年青人之間存在著溝通問(wèn)題是很常見(jiàn)的。
There being a kindergarten on campus is a great convenience to female teachers．幼兒園在校園內(nèi)對(duì)女教師十分方便。
4)作定語(yǔ)。 There be結(jié)構(gòu)作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句中謂語(yǔ)為there be，there之前的關(guān)系代詞常常省略。如：
This is the fastest train (that) there is to Nanking．這是到南京的最快一班車(chē)。
I must make full use of the time there is left to me and do as much as I can for the people．我要充分利用我剩下的歲月盡量為人民多做些事。
目標(biāo)測(cè)試
1.______in the matriculation for postgraduate in a short time is really a hard nut．
A．To make high scores B．Making high scores
C．To make low goal D．Making low goal
2.I found ________ to answer all the questions within the time given．
A．no possibility B．there was impossibility
C．impossible D．it impossible
3.The students expected there _____ more reviewing classes before the final exams．
A．is B．being C．have been D．to be
4.You’re going to England next year. You should now practise ______ English as much as possible.
A. speak B. to speak C. speaking D. Speak about
5.If we don’t start out now, we must risk ______ the train.
A. miss B missing C. being missed D to miss
6. The flexibility of film allows the artist _______ unstrained imagination to the animation of cartoon characters.
A．to bring B．brining C．is brought D．brings
7.Although the lecture had already been on for five minutes，I still was not able to find a chair____.
A. to sit B．for to sit on C．to sit on D．for sitting
8. Surely her daughter would make an even bigger effort ______ her?
A．please B．pleased C．to please D．having pleased
9.Lots of empty boots were found under the old man’s bed. He must have done nothing but ______.
A. drink B. to drink C. drinking D. drunk
10.The local health organization is reported ___ twenty-five years age when Dr. Adudon became its first president.
A. to be set up B. being set up
C. to have been set up D. having been set up
11.I heard him __the door
A. locking B. to lock C. lock D. being locking
12.He does nothing but___
A. complaining B.to complaining C. complain D. to complain
13.The students expected there___ more reviewing classes before the final exam.
A. is B. being C have been D. to be
14. The bank is reported in the local newspaper ___ in broad daylight yesterday.
A. to be robbed B. robbed
C. to have been robbed D. having been robbed
15.I appreciated ______the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.
A. having been given B. having been
C. to have been given D. to have given
16.There is no point ___further.
A. argue B. to argue C. arguing D. being arguing
17.Nowhere in nature is aluminum found free, owing to its always ___with other elements, most commonly with oxygen.
A. combined B. having combined C. combine D. being combined
18.They stopped ___, but now I’m getting interested.
A.listening B.to listen C. listen D. having listening
19.I am sorry to hear that you resorted ___
A. to cheat B. to cheating C. cheating D.cheat
20.He wasn’t asked to take on the chairmanship of the society, ___ insufficiently popular with all members.
A. being considered B. considering.
C. to be considered D. having considered
21.___of the burden of ice , the balloon climber up and drifted to the South.
A. To be free B. Freeing C. To free D. Freed
22.___exceptions, the rule may stand.
A. Allow for B. Allowing for C. To allow D. To allow for
23.All flights___ because of the snowstorm, we decided to take the train.
A. were canceled B. had been canceled
C. having canceled D. having been canceled
24.John painted her sitting in a chair with her hands ___
A. folding B. to have folded C. to fold D. folded
25.It’s easy to blame the decline of conversation on the pace of modern life and on the vague changes ___place in our ever-changing world.
A. taking B. to take C. take D. taken
26.I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time __the last bus.
A. to have caught B. to catch C. catching D. having caught
27.I have got a loaf of bread ; now I’m looking for a knife____.
A. to cut it with B. to cut with it
C. with it to cut D. it to cut with
28.The function of Louis Sullivan’s architecture was ___large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior.
A. to provide B. providing C having providing D provide
29.His victory in the final was no more ____than I had expected.
A. convincing B. convinced C.to convince D.being convincing
30.I recommend you ___ what he says.
A.do B. doing C.to do D. to doing
31.How about ____ there?
A. to go B. go C. going D.to going
32.He is an ___teacher.
A. advancing B.advanced C being advancing D advance
33.The Portuguese give a great deal of credit to one man for having promoted sea travel, that man ___prince Henry the navigator, who lived in the 15th century.
A.was B. being C.is D. having been
34.I have no idea of ___it.
A. to do B. how to do C. what to do D. to doing
35.On seeing the young child ___into the lake, John sprang to his feet, and went to the rescue.
A. fell B. fall C. falling D to fall
36 We don’t want ____any comrades lagging behind.
A. there being B.there to being C.there to be D.there is
37.I must make full use of the time ___left to me and do as much as I can for the people.
A. there being B. there is C. there are D. there to be
38.It is not uncommon for ____problems of communication between old and young.
A. there to be B. there being C there to being D. there be
39.Revolution means ___ the productive forces.
A. to liberate. B. to have liberated
C. liberating D. having being liberated
40．The article opens and closes with descriptions of two news reports, each ____one major point in contrast with the other.
A. make B. made C. is to make D. making
標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：
1-5 ADDCD 6-10 ACCAC 11-15 CCDCA 16-20 CDBBA
21-25 DBDDA 26-30 BAAAC 31-35 CBBBB 36-40 CBACD
