用英語夸人(不看后悔)
1. You look great today.(你今天看上去很棒。)【每天都可以用!】
2. You did a good job. (你干得非常好。)【國際最通用的表揚!】 3. We’re so proud of you.(我們十分為你驕傲。)【最高級的表揚!】 4. I’m very pleased with your work.(我對你的工作非常滿意。)【正式、真誠的贊揚!】 5. This is really a nice place.(這真是個好地方?。?/span>隨口就說、但效果很好的表揚!】 6. You’re looking sharp! (你看上去真精神/真棒/真漂亮。)【與眾不同的表揚!】 7. You always know the right thing to say. = 8. You’re very eloquent.(你總是說話得體。)【高層次的表揚!】 9. Nice going! = you did a good job.(干得好?。?/font>極其地道的表揚!】 10. The food is delicious.(好吃?。咀钇胀?、但非常重要的表揚!】 11. Everything tastes great.(每樣東西都很美味?。?/font> 12. Your son/daughter is so cute.(你的孩子很可愛。)【外國人絕對喜歡聽的表揚!】 13. What an adorable baby! (多么可愛的孩子。)【只管大膽用!】 14. I admire your work. = 15. 15. I respect your work.(我對你的工作表示敬意。)【世界通用!】 16. You’ve got a great personality.(你的個性很好。)【一個非常安全的表揚!】 17. You have a good sense of humor.(你真幽默。)【美國人極其喜歡的表揚!】 18. Your Chinese is really surprising.(你的中文令人驚訝。)【絕對和其他人不一樣的表揚!】 19. Your English is incredible.(我真不敢相信你的英語。)【用了六星級形容詞!】 20. You have a very successful business.(你的事業(yè)很成功。)【現(xiàn)代人非常喜歡聽!】 21. You’re very professional.(你非常專業(yè)。)【專業(yè)化的表揚!】 22. Your company is very impressive.(你的公司給我留下深刻印象。) 23. You’re so smart.(你非常聰明。) 24. I envy you very much.(我非常羨慕你。) 25. Your wife is very charming.(你的妻子很有魅力!) 26. You two make a lovely couple.(你們真是天生的一對?。?/font> 27. You’re really talented.(你很有天賦。) 28. You look nice in that color.(你穿那種顏色很好看。) 29. You have a good taste.(你很有品位。) 30. You look like a million dollars. = you look outstanding. =you look like a movie star.(你看上去帥呆了。) 英語五個基本句型
一. 動詞 從一定意義上講,英語語法就是動詞的語法,因此,掌握動詞的特性、變化、句型是學習英語語法的重中之重。為了能更好地理解下面的講課內(nèi)容,首先要搞清動詞的幾個基本概念。 1)be 動詞和do動詞:be動詞也稱狀態(tài)動詞,用于說明狀態(tài)或性質(zhì),主要用于構(gòu)成英語的主系表句型;do動詞也稱為行為動詞,分及物動詞和不及物動詞; 2)及物動詞和不及物動詞:不及物動詞后面不跟賓語, 也沒有被動語態(tài); 及物動詞后面一定要有賓語; 3) 雙賓語(直接賓語和間接賓語)結(jié)構(gòu)和復合賓語(賓語 + 賓語補足語)結(jié)構(gòu):比較下面兩個句子: My mother made me a cake.(母親給我做了塊蛋糕。) My father made me a doctor. (父親把我培養(yǎng)成一名醫(yī)生。) 第一句是雙賓語結(jié)構(gòu),即 My mother made a cake for me. 第二句是復合賓語結(jié)構(gòu),其句法功能為:My father made me (to) be a doctor (I am a doctor). 說明復合賓語結(jié)構(gòu)中,賓語和賓語補足語之間有"主謂關(guān)系". 4) 情態(tài)動詞:must, should, ought to, can, may, need, used to 等動詞稱為情態(tài)動詞,有三大特征:A. 不受主語人稱和數(shù)的影響,如:He may go now. / May I go now? 句中may的形式不變;B. 否定時在后面加not, 如:You ought not to have cheated her. C. 與另一動詞連用,中間不用 + " to ", 如上舉例。 請根據(jù)上述原則,(從語法角度)說出以下那種表達方式是對的: A. She needs to see a doctor. B. She doesn't need to see a doctor. C. Does she need to see a doctor? D. She needs not see a doctor. E. She needn't see a doctor. F. She doesn't need see a doctor. G. She needs see a doctor. 從語法角度看,A、B、C、E是對的。 5) 助動詞:幫助實意動詞構(gòu)成某種結(jié)構(gòu)的詞,如: He did come yesterday; I saw him in the office.(他昨天確實來了;我在辦公室見到他的。-- 表示強調(diào)) 二. 五個基本句型 根據(jù)動詞的特性,構(gòu)成英語中五個基本句型: 1) 主語 + 不及物動詞 (+ 其他成分) 2) 主語 + 系動詞 + 表語 3) 主語 + 及物動詞 + 賓語 4) 主語 + 及物動詞 + 雙賓語 5) 主語 + 及物動詞 + 賓語 + 賓語補足語 我們在學習5個基本句型時,主要關(guān)心每個句型中的出題點在哪里。 ?。ㄒ唬┑谝痪湫停褐髡Z + 不及物動詞 在這個句型中主要注意及物動詞與不及物動詞的區(qū)分: 不及物動詞 及物動詞 We started out early in the morning . Today we went out to do some cleaning . 句型的擴展: 1.主語+不及物動詞+狀語 e.g. The machine works smoothly. (機器運轉(zhuǎn)正常。) 此外,該句型常采用倒裝形式,注意辨別,主要是以下兩種情況: 1) 用here 或 there引導: Here comes the bus. (汽車來了。) / There rings the bell. (鈴響了。) 2)狀語置于句首,句子要倒裝: On the top of the hill stands a pretty little house.(山頂上有一座漂亮的小房子。) 漢語 某處 有 某物 英語 某物 在 某處 即 某處 介詞短語表地點 有表存在記心間 表示存在的動詞 be / live / stand / lie 表示 出現(xiàn),消失的動詞 appear , disappear 某物 + be / 出現(xiàn)消失動詞+ 介詞短語 A book is on the desk . A rainbow appeared in the sky . 2. 某物+ stand / live / lie / appear / disappear +介詞短語 介詞短語 + stand / live / lie / appear / disappear + 某物 A pretty little house stands on the top of the hill stands. On the top of the hill stands a pretty little house. 3. There be + 某物 + 介詞短語 介詞短語 + there be + 某物 There is a book on the desk . On the desk there is a book. 4.There stand / live / lie + 某物 + 介詞短語。 There lies a school in the east of our city . 3.There +不及物動詞+主語 e.g. There is some milk in the bottle . There comes the bus . 拓展:主語之后可以加上定語( 定語從句、分詞、不定式) Some students are playing on the playground . There are some students ( who are )playing on the playground . 定語從句 There are n. 分詞 不定時 解析 :“有某人在做某事”,要用“There be +sb.+doing sth.+地點/時間狀語”。例如: There are several children swimming in the river.河里有幾個孩子在游泳。 翻譯 1鄭州位于黃河岸邊。 2現(xiàn)在村里有兩家工廠和一所學校。 3每年都有很多游客游覽長城。 4有些學生不喜歡英語 5有20%的學生認為我們不該學英語 。 There be 句型講解 速記口訣: There be句型有特點,主語跟在be后面; 單數(shù)主語用is,復數(shù)用are 也不難; 多個主語并列時,be隨第一主語變; 否定be后加not,疑問be在there前; 介詞短語表地點,"有"是"存在"記心間。 基本變化: ◎There are two pencils in the box. ◎There is a dog and two cats under the tree. ◎There is not a map on the wall. ◎Are there any apples on the tree﹖ [注意] 在陳述句中為了強調(diào),介詞短語可放在句首。例如:In the tree there are three birds. 注意事項: ◎There be句型的反意疑問句,其附加疑問部分的主語仍用there(there是引導詞)。例如: There is a white car on the hill, isn't there﹖ There are some beautiful flowers on the teacher's desk, aren't there﹖ There be句型的反意疑問句,要注意陳述部分的形式。 如果陳述部分含有little,few,no,nobody,none等否定詞時,后面的簡短問句中要用肯定形式。例如:There is nobody in the room,is there? 但有的含有否定意義的形容詞修飾不定代詞時則仍看作肯定句式。例如:There is something unusual in the room,isn't there? ◎There be句型還有其他的時態(tài)變化,比如:一般將來時,一般過去時,現(xiàn)在完成時等。 例如:There will be a sports meeting next week. There was a big tree behind the house many years ago. There has been a beautiful garden in our school. 我們也可以根據(jù)表達的需要,在There與 be之間用上恰當?shù)那閼B(tài)動詞can,may,must,should,will等,構(gòu)成:There will /may/must/can,etc. be... 請看: 1. There will be another bridge across the Yellow River with the quick development of the economy of China. 隨著中國經(jīng)濟的飛速發(fā)展,黃河上將有另一座橋。 2. There must be some rules for the changes. 這些變化中一定有規(guī)律。 3. There may be some errors, but the composition, as a whole, is beyond praise. 這篇作文可能有些小錯誤,但總的來說是非常好的。 4. There should be some steps to prevent such accidents. 要防止這樣的事故,應該采取一些措施。 ◎若對There be句型中的主語提問,無論主語是單數(shù)還是復數(shù),均用is。例如: There are some bags of rice on the table. →What's on the table﹖ ◎There be句型表示"存在有",而"have/has"則表示"擁有、占有"等含義。試比較: There are some pears on the desk. We have some pears on the desk. ◎There be句型中的謂語動詞還可以是某些半助動詞(或形容詞,過去分詞)+to be。常見的有: There is going to be... 將有…… There seems to be... 似乎有…… There used to be... 過去常常有…… There happened to be... 碰巧有…… There ought to be... 應該有…… There sure to be... 肯定有…… There likely to be... 可能有…… ◎There be句型中的be還可以用不及物動詞live / stand / exist / fly / rush等表示"存在、生長及位置移動"等的詞代替。 例如: There lived a king here many years ago. There stands a huge building by the lake. 常用結(jié)構(gòu): 一、There is + no + Noun + in doing something 1.其中名詞為表"利弊"、"用途"的抽象名詞,如: There is no good in going. 去沒有什么好處。 There is no harm in doing that. 那樣做并無害處。 There is no use in doing it. 干此事毫無用處。 2.其中名詞為表"價值"、"意義"的抽象名詞,如: There is no sense in waiting here. 在這里等候下去毫無意義。 There is no point in doing so. 這樣做毫無意義。 There is no disgrace in failing once. 一旦失敗也不丟臉。 此結(jié)構(gòu)中的介詞可以省略,如:There is no use asking her--- she doesn't know anything.) 特例: There is no need to do sth . There is no need to hurry . We have a lot of time . 二、There is + no + doing something 1.其中的動詞(do)多為"轉(zhuǎn)述"或"認知"等意義的動詞,如:tell, say, know等,其后一般跟疑問句,如when,what等。 There is no saying what may happen. 很難說會發(fā)生什么事。 There is no telling when he will return. 說不清他何時回來。 There is no knowing when we shall meet again. 不知何時我們能再相會。 翻譯 1明天下午將有一場足球賽。 2今晚我校將有一場關(guān)于中國歷史的報告會。 3和他再討論也沒有意義。 三、除此之外,如果您是一位注重課外閱讀者,相信也經(jīng)常可以見到 "There to be" 和 "There being"結(jié)構(gòu)。 例如: 1. It was unusual for there to be so few flowers in the park. 公園里只有這么一點花是不同尋常的。 2. There being no bus, we had to take a taxi. 因為沒有公共汽車,我們只好乘出租車。 接下來,我們一起探討 "There to be"和"There being"的用法及意義: I. "There to be"的用法及意義: A. "There to be" 可以用作一個動詞的賓語,我們通常稱之為復合賓語,其意義常表示對將來的一種意愿或希望,但目前還沒"存在"。例如: 1. Would you like there to be a hospital near your home 你想在你家附近有家醫(yī)院嗎 (事實上,目前還沒有醫(yī)院。劃線部分作動詞like的賓語) 2. We teachers don't want there to be any students staying in the classroom after school. 我們老師不希望有任何學生放學后留在教室里。 (實際上所有的學生放學后都離校) 3. She doesn't hope there to be any quarrel between me and her. 她不希望我們之間有什么爭吵。(對將來的一種希望) B. "There to be"也可以用在句型 "It be + adj. for..."中。例如: 1. It is impossible for there to be any more chance. 不可能再有機會。 2. It was too late for there to be any open shops. 時間太晚了,不會有營業(yè)的商店了。 3. It is important for there to be a free school for the poor children. 給貧困的孩子建一所免費學校太重要了。 II. "There being"的用法及意義: A. "There being"可以用作一個介詞的復合賓語,跟 "There to be"不同的是:"There to be"往往表示目前"沒有存在"的事物;而"There being"則通常表示"已經(jīng)存在"的事情。請看: 1. The Chinese are proud of there being the Great Wall in North China. 中國人以在中國北部有個長城而自豪。 2. No one told him about there being a meeting that afternoon. 沒人告訴他那天下午有個會。 3. You were wrong about there being some misunderstandings between us. 認為我們之間有誤解,那你就錯了。 B. "There being"還可以用作副詞,在語法上叫"獨立結(jié)構(gòu)"。如: 1. There being nothing to do, we went home separately. 由于沒有什么事要做, 我們就各自回家了。 2. There being no teacher in the classroom, the pupils began to talk freely. 由于教室里沒有教師,學生們開始自由交談。 Exercises 句子翻譯 1. 你的左邊是個圖書館,里邊有10000本書。 2 你的右邊是市實驗樓,我們經(jīng)常在那兒做實驗。 3學校的西邊是餐廳,我們每天都在那兒吃飯。 4學校的西邊有一條小溪,兩邊鮮花簇擁。 5教學樓的后邊有個操場,我們課外時間經(jīng)常在那兒打籃球。 6我們學校位于小山腳下,門前一條小溪流過。 7操場的南邊有個游泳池,我們經(jīng)常在那兒游泳。 Surrounded by some green trees , our library , which is big , is in the center of our school . There is a beautiful garden in the front of it and our teaching building behind it . 1. My School I study in the No. I middle school, where there are three grades and thirty-two classes. It is not big but very beautiful. In the center of the school there is a new teaching building, which is very clean and beautiful. The lab building and the library are to the east of the new building. There all kinds of book in the library. You can enioy them as many as you like. South of the new building lies a playground and it's very big. On the playground, you can have sports such as football. basketball. You'd better play basketball as there are four basketball grounds in our school, You can enjoy yourself very much. There are many trees in our school.Grass is everywhere. In front of the new building there are two gardens in which, there are flowers of all colours. We are studying hard in our school, Our life is happy and interesting. I love our school very much. 我的學校 我就讀于一中。學校有3個年級,32個班,它并不大,但是很漂亮。 校園中央是新建成的干凈、美麗的教學大樓。實驗樓和圖書樓在新樓的東側(cè)。圖書館有各種各樣的書,你可以隨意閱讀。操場在新樓的南邊,它很大,你可以在操場上做你喜歡的運動,如足球、籃球。你最好打籃球——因為學校共有四塊籃球場地——你一定會玩得十分盡興。 學校種了許多樹木,草坪隨處可見。新樓的前面有兩個花園;園里的鮮花五顏六色。 我們學習刻苦,生活愉快而有趣。我愛我們的學校。 2. 我們的學校坐落在長春市的南部,建于1945年。它是我市著名的學校。 全校有24個班。學生和老師加起來有2000多人。校園的前面聳立著一棟很高的教學樓,它的后面是實驗樓。我們很多化學課和生物課都在那里上。這兩者之間是3年前新建的圖書館,里面有大量的藏書。午飯后,許多學生都愛在這里看書。 東邊是一個足球場( field ),兩個籃球場(court )。這兩個地方是我們課余間最愛去的地方。據(jù)說在西邊還要修建一個游泳池。 我們的學校又大又美麗,綠樹成蔭,鮮花盛開,很多人稱它為花園學校。這真是一個我們學習的好地方。 Our school, which was set up in 1945, lies in the south of Changchun City. It is famous in our city. It has 24 classes. 8 classes in each grade. The number of the students and teachers adds up to over 2,000. In the front of the school stands a high classroom building, behind which is a lab building. We have many of our chemistry and biology classes in it. Between them is a new library built 3 years ago. There are a large number of books there. After lunch a number of students like reading there. On the right there is a football field and two basketball courts. They are our favorite places in our spare time. It is said that a swimming pool will be built to the left. Our school is big and beautiful, covered with green trees and colorful flowers. Many people call it a garden school. It's really a good place for us to study in. 考點:主動表示被動 1.一些與can''t (不能) 或won''t(不會)連用的動詞。常用的有: lock(鎖住), shut(關(guān)上) , open(打開), act(上演), write(寫),cut(砍,切),wear(穿,戴)等,用作不及物動詞時,用主動表被動。只是當主語具有某種內(nèi)在品質(zhì),可以促進、妨礙或阻止謂語表示的概念得以實現(xiàn)時,才能用這類結(jié)構(gòu)。 The door won''t open.這門打不開。 It can''t move.它不能動。 2、一些動詞如sell(銷售) , wash(洗), clean(打掃), burn(燃燒), cook(煮)等與副詞如well(好), easily(容易地), perfectly(十分地)等連用 ,描會事物的特性,用主動表被動,結(jié)構(gòu)是主語+動詞+加副詞。例如: The book sells well.這種書很暢銷。 These clothes wash easily.這些衣服很易洗。 The pen writes well. 這筆很好寫。 weigh (被稱得是), measure(被測得是) The room measures 5 meters across . These stones weighs 5 tons . burn / hang 常用進行時的主動形式表被動。 --- Where is your raincoat ? --- It is hanging behind the door. open / close / begin /start / last 等 The bookstore opens at nine a.m. (二)第二句型:主語 + 系動詞 + 表語 1) 系動詞一般為be 動詞。 注意:look, feel, sound, smell, taste, get, become, come, go, turn, grow, keep, seem, stand等詞可以作"半系動詞"用,按行為動詞方式變化,起系動詞的作用。 試驗比較: -- He felt the pockets thoroughly but did not find a single penny.(他摸遍了口袋但沒有找到一分錢。-- feel為行為動詞) -- You look pale. Do you feel unwell? (你臉色蒼白,感到不舒服?-- look / feel為系動詞) 一般來說,動詞后面跟的是個形容詞或名詞,該動詞為系動詞, 如:The plan sounds perfect. / The flower smells nice. / The dish tastes delicious. / It is getting dark. 實例: "Don't worry. Let me take your pulse first." "Oh, it ______ normal." (脈搏正常) A. is felt B. is feeling C. Feels D. felt 解題思路:normal為形容詞,前面應為系動詞;系動詞沒有被動語態(tài),故A不對; look, feel, sound, taste, smell, seem等半系動詞一般不用進行時,B也不對;D時態(tài)錯了,故正確答案為C. The cloth feels soft.(90年會考第23題) The drink tastes good.(91年會考第15題) The flowers in the garden smell nice.(92年1月會考第19題) The animals seem dead while they are in the state of winter sleep.(92年6月會考第24題) Now,a large number of peasants in our country have grown rich on their hard work.(93年會考第 24題) The doctor's advice sounds so reasonable that I have to follow it.(94年會考第20題) The story sounds true.(MET89第39題) These oranges taste good.(MET91第30題) He seemed very nervous, and every few seconds he looked towards the main entrance.(MET93第51 題) --Do you like the material? --Yes,it feels very soft.(MET94第26題) 考點 1.不定式修飾作表語和賓語補足語的形容詞時,結(jié)構(gòu):主語+系動詞+形容詞 + 不定式; 動詞+賓語+形容詞+不定式。如果形容詞是表示難易、利弊等含義,如 difficult, easy, comfortable(舒適的), convenient(便利的,方便的), hard, cheap, expensive, 等,不定式用主動表被動。 The question is difficult to answer. 這個問題很難回答。 The work is easy to do. 這項工作很好做。 I found the car comfortable to ride in. 我覺得這種車很好坐。 That makes poetry difficult to write. 那就使得詩很難寫。 2. 不定式做表語 常用的結(jié)構(gòu) one's hope / aim / dream / duty / plan / slogan what clause = All that sb. have to do The most important thing eg. As students , the most important thing is to study at school. What you should do first is( to) find out what makes your daughter addicted to computer games . 注意:在be to結(jié)構(gòu)中的一些不定式:這種結(jié)構(gòu)中的不定式通常應用主動表被動。下列動詞用不定式的主動形式表示被動意義: Who is to blame for starting the fire? 這場火災應由誰負責? You are to blame for the accident. 你應為這事受動責備。 The house is to let.此房出租。 A lot remains to do.還剩下許多事情要做。 3. remin to do 留待、尚待 It remains to be seen whether he will pass . Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple , but it remains ____ whether they will enjoy it . 02qg A. to see B. to be seen C. seeing D. seen (三)第三句型:主語 + 及物動詞 + 賓語 我們知道,名詞可以做主語和賓語,非謂語動詞 -ing和 to do也可以做主語和賓語, 作主語: Learning a foreign language is not easy.(學門外語并不容易。) To learn a foreign language is not easy. (= It is not easy to learn a foreign language.) 從語法角度講,上述兩個表達方式都可以。 但是,當動詞處于賓語位置時,就不能這樣"隨心所欲"了,因為英語語法有以下幾個規(guī)定: 1)acknowledge / admit / appreciate / avoid / consider / contemplate / defer / deny / dislike / enjoy / escape / evade / excuse / facilitate / fancy / favor / feel like / finish / give up / cannot help / cannot stand / imagine / include / keep (on) / do not mind / miss / permit / practice / regret / resent / risk / suggest 等詞后面的動詞賓語必須用-ing 形式,重點和首先要掌握黑體字部分。由于這些次的詞義與解題關(guān)系不大,沒有給出具體詞義解釋。若需要,請學生自己查字典解決。 這是語法考試的一個重點,要對以上詞特別敏感,例如: It is impossible to avoid ______ by the stormy weather. A. being much affected B. having much affected C. to be much affected D. to have been much affected 解題思路:1)一看到avoid一詞,便可確定正確答案在A、B中; 2)affect意為"影響",及物動詞,故B不對。[如果做題時間來不及,此類題目若有"主動語態(tài)"和"被動語態(tài)"之分,一般選"被動語態(tài)"的正確率高些。] 2) remember / forget:后面既可跟 -ing, 也可跟 to do,但意思不一樣:to do表示說話時還沒有發(fā)生的事,-ing表示對已經(jīng)發(fā)生過事的回憶,如:"我昨天出門時忘了關(guān)窗了。"顯然是指出門時還沒有做的事,因此用to do形式;"我不記得以前見過你。"顯然是指說話以前的事,因此用 -ing形式,即: I forgot to close the windows when I left home yesterday. I don't remember seeing you before. 因此,除了知道這個規(guī)定外,分清"發(fā)生過"還是"沒有發(fā)生"是解題的關(guān)鍵。 實例: Do you remember ______ to Professor Smith during your last visit? A. to have been introduced B. having introduced C. being introduced D. to be introduced 解題思路:1)第一步要確定"發(fā)生過"還是"沒有發(fā)生",即A、D還是B、C,"你記得上次訪問時被介紹給Smith教授的情況嗎?"顯然是已發(fā)生的事,選B、C;2)"introduce"(介紹)后沒有賓語,說明是"被動語態(tài):,故選C [再看一下上一節(jié)中的 "解題思路"] 3)need / want / require等解釋為"需要"時,有兩種表達方式,如: "這間會客室需要打掃一下" A.This waiting room needs to be cleaned. (to 被動式) B.This waiting room needs cleaning.(-ing主動式) 考試時若同時出現(xiàn)兩種選擇,選B 4)look forward to / object to / subject to / be subjected to / be opposed to / oppose to中的 "to" 是介詞,后面應跟名詞或動名詞-ing, 四)第四句型:主語 + 及物動詞 + 雙賓語 有些動詞(主要是"授予動詞")后面需要或可以接雙賓語結(jié)構(gòu),如:give, write, buy, send, make等 You may send him an E-mail or write him a letter. 這個句子也可使用以下結(jié)構(gòu): You may send an E-mail (to him) or write a letter to him. 所以 "to" 和 "for" 是連接雙賓語結(jié)構(gòu)的重要介詞。 該句型的重點是要記住以下短語,特別是所用的介詞: to cure … of(治愈…) to accuse …of(譴責…) to convince… of(說服…) to inform… of(通知…) to notify… of (通知…) to clean… of (清除…) to warn…… of / against (警告…) to cheat… of(欺騙) to rob… of(搶劫…) 例如: We have to inform the family of the patient's condition as soon as possible. / Have the family been informed of the patient's condition? (我們得盡快將病人的病情通知其家屬。/ 已經(jīng)將病人的病情通知其家人了嗎?) 注意下面句子的結(jié)構(gòu)變化: May I ask you a question? → May I ask a question of you? 直接和間接賓語的位置與上面短語有何不同? 五)第五句型:主語 + 及物動詞 + 賓語 + 賓語補足語 先回顧一下本講第一節(jié)中有關(guān)賓語和賓語補足語的概念。 這個句型也是考試的重點,主要有三個難點: 1) 要不要 "to"的問題: The director wants you to come right now. (主任要你馬上就來。) 句中to come 是賓語you的補足語。也就是說,當賓語補足語是動詞時,一般要用 "to"連接。但是,以下情況例外: make, let, have等使役動詞,如: Shall I have him come here?(要我叫他來嗎?) I won't have him cheat me. (否定式,表示"容許":我決不容許他欺騙我) 上述句型變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時,一般要加 "to",如: The nurse made the patient eat something. (護士讓病人吃了點東西。) →The patient was made to eat something. 有時,賓語補足語也可用 -ing形式,如: His joke made us laughing for a couple of minutes. (他的笑話使我們笑了幾分鐘。- 注意后面的時間狀語for a couple of minutes) 記住下面重要表達方式: to have / get (something) done, 如: I am going to have (get) my watch repaired.(我去修一下表。) see, hear, notice, observe, watch, look at, listen to 等感覺動詞: 使用原則與上述大致相同。 2) 要不要 "it"的問題: 先看兩個句子: We sometimes find it difficult to get rid of a bad habit. (有時我們發(fā)現(xiàn)要改掉一個壞習慣很難。)該句的原始結(jié)構(gòu)可理解為:We sometimes find (to get rid of a bad habit) difficult. 括號部分(動詞不定式)為賓語,difficult為賓語補足語 The doctor has made it clear to you that there is nothing wrong with your stomach.(醫(yī)生已經(jīng)跟你說得很清楚了,你的胃沒有什么問題。)該句的原始結(jié)構(gòu)可理解為:The doctor has made (there is nothing wrong with your stomach)clear. 括號部分(句子)為賓語,clear為賓語補足語 歸納: 在主語 + 賓語 + 賓語補足語結(jié)構(gòu)中,當賓語是"動詞不定式"或"句子"時,要用it(不是this, that或其他任何詞)作形式賓語,將動詞不定式或句子移到句子的后面去。 考試時,判斷要不要 "it",主要看句子后面有沒有"動詞不定式"或"句子",若有,要選 "it" 賓語、賓語補足語倒裝:當賓語(名詞)較長,賓語補足語較短(往往是1個形容詞,如possible, impossible, difficult, easy, clear等)時,為了句子結(jié)構(gòu)均衡,往往采用倒裝,這里不存在"it"的使用問題, 對下句作出判斷: The development of ultrasound has made ______ early diagnosis of some fatal diseases. (超聲波的出現(xiàn)使許多致命疾病的早期診斷成為可能。) A. it possible B. Possible C. it is D. it 該題的正確答案應為B,因為句子采用了倒裝形式,原結(jié)構(gòu)為: The development of ultrasound has made [early diagnosis of some fatal diseases] possible. 賓語 補足語 3) 記住以下短語: to take…as(把…當作…) to think of…as(把…看作…) to regard…as(把…看作…) to refer to…as(把…叫作…) 關(guān)于五個基本句型,重點要掌握每個句型的出題點,舉一反三。 三.動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài) 時態(tài)和語態(tài)是英語動詞的兩個最基本特征,是英語語法基礎(chǔ)的基礎(chǔ),這里不一一解釋了,只是將學生容易搞錯以及考試的重點部分作一些說明。 許多學生和個別老師認為只有英語才有時態(tài),這是個誤解。其實,任何語言都有三個基本時態(tài):過去、現(xiàn)在、將來。只是英語把時態(tài)的表述方式通過動詞的變化分得比較細,如:現(xiàn)在時中又分為:一般式,進行式,完成式,完成進行式等。過去和將來時也可以此類推。 (一)幾個基本時態(tài)的概念、用法和考點 一般現(xiàn)在時:用來表述真理、習慣、現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)和性質(zhì)等,常與always, usually, often, frequently, occasionally, seldom, rarely 等頻度副詞或from time to time, at all times等短語連用。 要點:頻度副詞的位置: She seldom comes here. (行為動詞之前) She is always late. (be動詞之后) 現(xiàn)在完成時:用來表述已經(jīng)完成或部分完成的動作或狀態(tài),其特點是1)不出現(xiàn)動作發(fā)生的具體時間(一旦出現(xiàn),就變成"過去時");2)常與 "for" 或 "since" 引導的時間狀語(表示一個時間段,不是一個時間點) 連用。 要點:"for" 和 "since" 是現(xiàn)在完成時的標志詞 實例: ______ the end of 1999 the output of the consuming products in Shanghai has increased by over 30%. A. At B. By C. Since D. After 在實考中,許多考生選了A,特別是有一定英語基礎(chǔ)的考生,他們誤認為該題是考at the end of 這個短語,我們將此類選項稱為"干擾項",往往安排在A的位置。因此,當你認為A特別簡單時,要小心辨別是否是"干擾項".此題的正確答案為C, 現(xiàn)在完成時。 現(xiàn)在進行時:用來表述正在進行的行為,常與now, look, listen等表示"現(xiàn)在"的詞連用(注意:be, know, want, believe和部分半系動詞一般沒有進行時),如: Look, the sun ______ brightly in the sky. A. shines B. was shining C. is shining D. has shown 解題思路:look"看",表示與說話時間同步;brightly是副詞,說明 shine不是半系動詞,故答案為C 現(xiàn)在完成進行時:用來表述說話時已完成部分內(nèi)容,目前還在做的行為,其特點是除了"for" 或 "since"外,常出現(xiàn)all day, all the morning等包括說話時間在內(nèi)的時間狀語連用,如"整個上午",說話時也是上午。 一般過去時和過去完成時:這是中國學生學習的一個難點,因此也是考試的一個重點 過去完成時:發(fā)生在過去一個時間點之前的一個過去行為或狀態(tài),常用在: 1) 賓語從句(間接引語)中:He said (that) he had read the book several times. 2) 狀語從句中(特別是時間狀語從句):When we arrived at the cinema, the film had begun. 3) 由by引導的時間狀語句中:He had completed all the college courses by 15 years of age. (15歲時,他已經(jīng)完成了大學的所有課程。) 錯:We had finished the task yesterday. 對:We finished the task yesterday. 或We had finished the task by yesterday. 要點:"by" 是過去完成時(和將來完成時)的標志詞。 分清現(xiàn)在完成時、過去時、過去完成時的區(qū)別是英語時態(tài)學習的重點。 過去將來時:用來表述過去一個時間點以后的事情,其方向正好與過去完成時相反,如: He said he would come to the meeting personally. (他說他將親自出席會議。) 一般將來時和將來完成時:記住上面一句話: "by" 是將來完成時的標志詞。 比較: The world population will be over 6.5 billion in 2050. The world population will have been over 6.5 billion by 2050. 其他的時態(tài),如過去進行時,將來進行時等,只要把握好時間狀語,一般比較容易理解,這里不再舉例。 ?。ǘ┱Z態(tài):表示行為的主動或被動,即:to do something 還是to be done (by) 語態(tài)始終是英語語法的一個考點,只有及物動詞才有被動語態(tài)。但要區(qū)分動詞的及物和不及物不是靠幾個講座能解決的,要注意觀察,特別是對本節(jié)"第二句型"和"第五句型中提到的有關(guān)問題要反復思考。 解題思路:當你對"主動"和"被動"選項猶豫不決時,應傾向選"被動"項。 小結(jié):第二講的重點是:1)"五個基本句型"中應注意的問題; 2)英語時態(tài)的基本特征和用法,是英語語法必考內(nèi)容。 使用口訣法學習初中英語語法 核心提示:口訣法是《全神貫注》學習軟件的教學特色之一,使用口訣法學習英語語法不僅可以節(jié)省學習時間還能培養(yǎng)概括思維能力和英語學習興趣。現(xiàn)將初中英語語法口訣總結(jié)如下,望對廣大初中生朋友有所幫助。
初中英語語法知識點眾多,枯燥繁雜,對于廣大初中生朋友來講記憶起來往往比較困難,但如果把這些難記的知識編成口訣不僅讀起來朗朗上口,而且也容易點燃學生的學習熱情,增強其學習英語的興趣,在培養(yǎng)學生自身總結(jié)、歸納能力的同時,也提高了其應用英語的能力。以上25條英語口訣僅是很少的一部分,希望對同學們有所啟發(fā),在平時的英語學習中注意知識的積累,培養(yǎng)自己的歸納總結(jié)能力,編出適合自己記憶的英語口訣。
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